LB 1557 
.N42 
Copy 1 



TOPICAL ANALYSIS 



OF 



DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY, 

UNITED STATES HISTORY, 

PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC 

Pin 'SIOLOGY AND HYGIENE, 

PHYSICAL GEOGRAJ>HY, 
ENGLISH GRfllWIVIAR, AND PFNWANSHIP, 

FOR USE -N 

COMMON SCHOOLS, NORMAL SCHOOLS, 

AND 

TEACHERS' INSTITUTES. 



Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 

Bv GEORGE S. WEDGWOOD. 



CHICAGO, ILL.: 

3. R. WINCHELLA CO., PUBLISHERS. 
1879. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



TOPICAL ANALYSIS 

OF 

DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY, 

UNITED STATES HISTORY, 

PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE, 

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, 
ENGLISH GRAMMAR, AND PENMANSHIP, 

FOR USE IN 

COMMON SCHOOLS, NORMAL SCHOOLS, 

>f^f/ TEACHERS' INSTITUTES. 



Third Edition, Revise;^ and Enlarged. 

By GEORGE S. WEDGWOOD. 



CHICAGO, ILL.: 

R. WINCHELL& CO., PUBLISHERS. 
1879. 



^i j^o.m^PAA- 



or 






^\ir,- 



COPYRIGHT BY 

GEORGE S. WEDGWOOD. 
1879- 



PREFACE 



1'^HE object aimed at in the preparation of this book was to 
place in the hands of the pupils a synopsis of the principal 
topics to which they should pay special attention in the prepara- 
tion of their lessons ; and to have these topics so connected that 
the lessons may be easily learned and retained. 

The necessity for such a plan has been long apparent from the 
many failures made in teaching these branches in many of our 
schools. 

Take, for instance, the study of History. How many teachers 
have labored hard and long trying to "get through the book " 
with a class, only to find on examination that very few, if any, 
of the pupils could relate, either orally or in writing, in language 
not borrowed from the text-book (and few even in that) the 
history of any important period or campaign. 

Why is this, if not because too much time has been spent in 
memorizing uniinportant matter, and that, too, so disconnected 
that the first part of the story was forgotten before the last was 
learned ? 

Place the text-book alone in the hands of the teacher, and in 
too many cases questions from the margins of the pages are "shot 
at' ' the class and answers as quickly returned ; and on examina- 
tion it is found that the pupils, and perhaps the teacher, are 
using language the meaning of much of which they have not the 
slightest conception. 

Take the text -book away from the scholars, and teacher too, 
during the time of recitation; assign the lessons by topics; let 
the pupils use the text-books for reference in preparing their 



IV PREFACE. 

lessons, and require the recitations to be both oral and written,, 
and it will not be long before the pupils will find it easier to use 
language with which they are acquainted, and to have the facts 
connected in the order in which they occurred. 

Tliere will be no difficulty in remembering all the dates that 
should be remembered ; and teachers will soon be ashamed to 
come before their classes unprepared to lead them rather than be 
dragged along by them. 

The same may be truly said of Geography. There is probably 
more time wasted in the study of Geography than there is spent 
profitably. We need more written work, more map-drawing, more 
learning where important cities, rivers, railroads, mountains, for- 
ests, seas, etc., are, and why they areifnportant; and less searching 
for minor details and less important places that have nothing about 
them to recommend them to the mind of the child. 

Good wall maps with text-books for reference in preparing the 
lessons, and an analysis of the more important topics from which- 
to assign them seem more in harmony with the limited time in 
which a large majority of our children must procure their knowl- 
edge of Geography. 

Whatever advantage is gained by teaching History or Geog- 
raphy topically is equally applicable to Physiology and Arithmetic. 
The plan of teaching by topics is not new; it has been prac- 
ticed in our best schools for years. 

In placing the topics on the board by the teacher, and copying 
them by the pupils, much valuable time is lost that may be saved 
by placing this work in their hands and assigning the lessons 
from it. 

With the Topical Analysis in the hands of the pupils, a non- 
uniformity of text-books is a benefit, rather than a disadvantage, 
to the class, and is certainly a great saving to the patrons of our 
schools. 

Hoping that this work will find its proper place in the school- 
room, it is respectfully submitted. 

G. S. W. 



TOPICAL ANALYSIS. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



PART I. 



DIRECTION DISTANCE, AND AREA. 



I. Direction. 


I. 


C^^^. 


2. 


Naffies. 




a. North. 




^. East. 




<r. South. 




d. West. 




^. N. E. 




/. S. E. 

g. s. w. 

h. N.W. 


2 Distance. 


I. 


Inches. 


2. 


Feet. 


3- 


Rods. 


4- 


Miles. 


5- 


Fractional parts of 
a 7nile. 


3. Area. 


I. 

2. 

3- 


Square inches. 
'' feet. 
'^ rods. 


4- 


miles. 


5- 


Acres. 



Drill thoroughly in direction un- 
til each pupil can point accurately 
" and promptly to all the points of 
the compass. 



Drill thoroughly in distance by 
actual measurement of lines, boards, 
floor, etc., and by comparing things 
measured with things which the 
pupils have not measured, until they 
are good judges of distance and 
area. 



GEOGRAPHY. 

LESSONS ABOUT HOME. 
School-House. 

1. Shape. 

a. Tell the shape orally. 

b. Show the shape by drawing on slates and blackboard. 

2. Position and Location. 

a. Tell orally the position and location of seats, desks, 

stove, etc., in the school-room. 

b. Locate them in drawings. 

3. Map. 

a. Definition. 

b. Draw maps of school-room, school-house and grounds, 

dwelling houses, farms, etc. 
City or Township. 

1. Draw map of city or township and locate streets, promi-. 

nent buildings (such as depot, banks, courthouse, 
school houses, churches, warehouses, mills, etc.) 

2. Give lessons, on the uses and means of carrying on the 

different kinds of business of each. 

3. Divide township into sections and quarter-sections. 

4. Define things shown on the maps. 
County. 

1. Draw map of county giving numbers and ranges of town- 

ships. 

2. Locate the principal cities, villages, railroads, rivers, etc. 

3. Define things shown on map. 

4. Name the county officers and tell the general duties of 

each. 
State (where taught). 

1. Map. 

a. Draw map of the state and locate the railroads, rivers, 

mountains, lakes, watersheds, valleys, and im- 
portant cities. 

b. Define things shown on the map. 

2. Position. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



h. Drainage, 
Cultivated. 



Quality of the soiL 



b. Wild, 



a. Boundaries. 

b. Area. 

3. Surface, 
a. Elevations. 

4. Products, 
a. Natural, b, 

5. Animals, 
a. Domestic. 

6. Public Biiildings. 

a. Where located. 

7. Government. 

a. State officers and their duties. 

b. Tenure of office and how changed. 
e. How laws are made. 

8. History. 

a. Of state, b. Of county, c. Of city or township, 



b. Uses and how controlled, 



GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 

{Ma/ 0/ the World.) 



1. Continents. 

2. Coasts. 

3. Oceans. 

4. Islands. 

5. Coast Lands. 

1. Peninsulas. 

2. Isthmuses. 

3. Capes. 

4. Promontories. 

6. Coast Waters. 

1. Seas. 

2. Gulfs. 

3. Bays. 

4. Straits. 



Define each and point to all shown 
on the map of the hemispheres. 



a. Define each. 



b. Point to them on the map*. 

c. Draw map illustrating each. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



8. 



9- 



Surface of the Land. 

Valleys. 

Plains. 

Hills. a. 

Mountains. I b. 

Table Lands. ( c. 

Marshes. d. 

Deserts. 

Watersheds. 
Waters upon the Land. 

1. Springs. 

a. Define, b 

2. Rivers. 

a. Define, b, 
defined. 
Bed. h 

3. River Systems. 

a. Define, b. Formation, 
on map and name them. 

4. Lakes. 

a. Define, b. Formation, 
Shore. /. Uses. 

5 . Canals. 

a. Define. b. How made, 
with railroads. 
Occupations of Man. 



Define. 

Illustrate. 

How represented on the map. 

Uses. 



How formed. 

How formed. 
d Source, e. 
Falls. /. Uses. 



:. Right and left banks 
Mouth. / Basin, g. 



Use. d. Show them 



c. Head. d. Foot. 



c. Uses. d. Compare 



Farming. 

Lumbering. 

Mining. 

Quarrying. 

Manufacturing. 

Commerce. 

Professions. 



a. Define. 

b. Object of. 

c. Nature of the country where each 

is best adapted. 



I. 



2. 



10. 



II. 



GEOGRAPHY. 

PART II. 



LESSONS ON THE EARTH 

{Use the Globe if possible.) 

Its Shape. 

I. How proven. 
Its relation to other planets. 
Its size. 

I. Diameter. 2. Circumference. 
Lines and Circles upon the Earth. 

1. Axis. 

2. Poles. 

3. Equator. 



Parallels. 
5. Meridians. 

5. Circles Divided. 
I. Degrees. 

a. Number, b. Size. 

6. Measurement of the Earth. 



Define. 
Illustrate 

Draw map of hemispheres show- 
ing each. 



Define, b. 
Examples. 



1. Latitude. 

2. Longitude. 
Tropics. 

1. Cancer. 

2. Capricorn. 
Polar Circles. 

1. Arctic. 

2. Antarctic. 

Zones. 

1. Torrid. 

2. Temperate. 

3. Frigid. 
Movements of the Earth. 

1. Diurnal. | a. 

2. Annual. j c. 
Distributiofi of Land and Water. 

1. Land. ) a. Ratio. 

2. Water. \ b. Location 



Hew reckoned. 



Location, b. Uses. 
Distance from the equator. 



d. Show them on the map. 



a. 

c. 
e. 



Number. 
Boundaries. 
Climate. 
Animals. 



Define. 

Width of each. 

Vegetation. 

People. 



Definition, b. Effect. 
Illustrate with the globe. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



12. Hemispheres, 

1. Eastern. 

2. Western. 



a. Divisions of land, 

b. Washed by what water. 



4- 



MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. 
Position. 

1. Divisions. 

2. Boundaries. 

3. Bays and Peninsulas. 

4. Islands. 
Surface. 

1. Mountains and other Highlands. 

a. Position, b. Extent. 

2. Rivers and Lakes. 

a. Name. b. Locate. 
Climate and Vegetation. 

1. Climate of each Zone. 

2. Chief products of each Zone. 
Political Divisions, 

I 
2 
3 



United States. 
British America. 
Mexico. 
Central America. 

5. West Indies. 

6. Danish America. 
Map. 

I . Draw a map of North America from memory. 



Boundaries. 

Area. 

Form of government. 



MAP OF UNITED STATES. 
Position and Outline, 

1. Boundaries. 

2. Area (compared with that of North America). 

3. Population (compared with that of North America). 
4- Indentation of coasts. 



GEOGRAPHY, 



II 



a. Source. 

b. Course. 

c. Drains what. 

d. Empties where. 
€. Tributaries. 

/. Important cities on. 



2. Surface. 

I. Elevations. 

a. Mountain systems 

b. Other highlands. 

3. Rivers, 
Mississippi. 
Missouri. 
Ohio. 

Hudson. ;> 

Colorado. 
Rio Grande. 

7. Columbia. 

4. Islands. 

1. Location.* 

2. Of what importance. 

5 . Climate, 

1. Summers. 

2. Winters. 

6. Vegetation and Soil, 

1. Natural. 

2. Cultivated. 

3. Nature of soil in different parts# 

7. Inhabitants. 

1. Number and nationality. 

2. Occupations. 

3. Education. 

4. Religions. 

8. Govcrtwient. 

1. Form of. 

2. Departments. 

3. Relation of states to United States. 

9. States Divided into Groups, 

1. New England. 

2. Middle. 

3. South Eastern 

4. Central. 

5. Western. 

10. Territories. 



a. Names of states of each group. 

b. Names of territories. 

c. How territories are formed into 

states. 



12 



GEOGRAPHY. 



I. Map. 

I. Draw map of United States from memory, and locate 
the principal rivers, mountain ranges, lakes, gulfs, bays, 
peninsulas, and cities. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES OF UNITED STATES. 


I. States. 






I. Maine. 


I. 


Position. . 


2. New Hampshire. 




a. Boundaries. 


3. Vermont. 




b. Area (compared with the 


4. Massachusetts. 




state where taught). 


5. Rhode Island. 




c. Indentation of coasts. 


6. Connecticut. 


2. 


Surface. 


7. New York. 




a. Mountains and other high- 


8. Pennsylvania. 




lands. 


9. New Jersey. 




b. Valleys, etc. 


10. Delaware. 




c. How drained. 


II. Maryland. 


3- 


Rivers and lakes. 


12. Virginia. 




a. Names, b. Source and 


13. West Virginia. 




course of each. 


14. North Carolina. 




b. Drains what. 


15. South Carolina. 




c. Empties where. 


16. Georgia. 


. 4. 


Climate. 


17. Alabama. 




a. Summers, b. Winters. 


18. Florida. 


5- 


Vegetation. 


19. Ohio. 




a. Natural, b. Cultivated. 


20. Indiana. 




c. Nature of the soil. 


21. Illinois. 


6. 


Commerce. 


22. Michigan. 




a. Exports, b. Imports. 


23. Wisconsin. 


7. 


Animals. 


24. Kentucky. 




a. Domestic, b. Wild. 


25. Missouri. 


8. 


Minerals. 


26. Iowa. 




a. Kind. b. Extent. » 


27. Minnesota. 


9- 


Inhabitants. 


28. Nebraska. 




a. Number, b. Nationalities. 


29. Kansas. 




c. Occupations, d. Modes of 


30. Tennessee. 




travel. 


31. Mississippi. 


10. 


Important cities. 


32. Louisiana. 




a. Location. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



13 



33. Arkansas. 

34. Texas. 

35. Colorado. 

36. Nevada. 

37. California. 

38. Oregon. 
Territories, 

1. Washington. 

2. Arizona. 

3. Utah. 

4. Idaho. 

5. New Mexico. 

6. Wyoming. 

7. Montana. 

8. Indian. 

9. Dakota. 
District of Columbia. 



II. 



12, 



\ 13- 



b: Why important. 
Capital. 

a. Name and locate. 
History. 

a. When made a state. 

b. From what territory. 
Maps. 

a. Draw map of each state 

from memory. 

b. Draw complete map of 

United States, loca- 
ting important rivers, 
cities, mountains, 
lakes, railroads, etc. 



PART III. 



BRITISH AMERICA. 

1. Position. 

T. Boundaries. 

2. Area. 

3. Indentation of coasts. 

2. Surface. 

1. Elevations. 

2. Depressions. 

3. J^ivers and Lakes. 

1. Names, source, and direction. 

2. Drains what. 

3. Empties where. 

4. Islands. 

1. Location and names. 

2. Of what importance. 



14 



GEOGRAPHY. 



Climate. 

1. Summers. 

2. Winters. 
Government. 

1. Title of Chief Executive. 

2. Dependent on. 

3. Members of legislature elected how? 
Political Divisions. 





> 


a. Position. 






b. Size. 






c. Describe the coasts. 


I. 


Dominion of Canada. 


d. Climate and vegetation. 


2. 


Prince Edward's Island. 


e. Surface. 


3- 


Newfoundland. 


^^ /. Animals. 


4- 


British Columbia. 


g. Chief cities. 
h. Government. 
/. Exports. 




. 


j. Imports. 



I. Draw map of British America from memory, locating 
important cities, rivers, railroads, mountains, and lakes. 



DANISH AMERICA. 



I. Divisions, 



1. Greenland. 

2. Iceland. 



a. Position and size. 

b. Climate and vegetation. 

c. Surface and drainage. 

d. Occupation of inhabitants, 

e. Animals. 

/. Exports and imports. 
g. Describe the coasts. 
h. Draw map of each. 



GEOGRAPHY. I5 

MEXICO. 

I. Position. 

1. Boundaries. 

2. Area. 

3. Indentation and projection of coasts. 

2. Surface. 

1. Elevations. 

a. Mountains. 

b. Volcanoes. 

2. Depressions and drainage. 

3. Rivers and Lakes. 

1. Names, source, and course. 

2. Drainage. 

3. Empty where. 

4. Islands, 

1. Location and importance. 

2. Inhabitants. 

5. Climate. 

1. Summers. 

2. Winters. 

6. Vegetation. ^ 

I. Chief products. 

7. Commerce. 

1. Exports. ^ . 

2. Imports. 

8. Minerals. 

1. Kind. 

2. Where found. 

3. Extent. 

9. Inhabitants. 

1. Number and nationality. 

2. Occupation. 
10. Important Cities. 

1. Name and location. 

2. Why important. 



l6 geography. 

1 1 . J^orm of Government. 

12. Map. 

I. Draw complete map of Mexico from memory^ 



CENTRAL AMERICA. 

1. Position. 

1. Boundaries. 

2. Area. 

3. Indentation and projection of coasts. 

2. Surface. 

1 . Elevations. 

2. Depressions and drainage. 

3. Rivers and Lakes. 

1. Names, source, and direction. 

2. Empty where. 

4. Climate. 

5. Chief Products, 

6. Commerce. 

1. Exports. 

2. Imports 

7. Minerals. 

1. Kind. 

2. Extent. 

8. Inhabitants. 

1. Number and nationality. 

2. Occupation. 

3. Education. 

4. Religions. 

9. Fo7'm of Government, 

10. States. 

1. Guatemala. 

2. San Salvador. 

3. Honduras. 

4. Nicaragua. 

5. Costa Rica. 

11. Map. 

I. Draw complete map of Central America from memory. 



a. Boundaries. 
> b. Important cities. 
c. Why important. 





GEOGRAPHY. 


WEST INDIES. 


{visions. 








"- 


a. Position, boundaries, ai 


I. Greater Antilles. 




area. 


a. Cuba. 




h. Surface and drainage. 


b. Hayti. 




c. Climate and vegetation. 


c. Porto Rico. 




> d. Exports and imports. 


d. Jamaica. 




e. Animals. 


2. Lesser Antilles. 




/. Inhabitants. 


3. Bahamas. 




g. Form of government. 




. 


//. Important cities. 



17 



Map. 
I . Draw map of West Indies from memory. 



SOUTH AMERICA. 

1. Position. 

1. Boundaries. 

2. Area. 

3. Indentation and projection of coasts, 

2. Surface. 

1. Elevations. 

a. Mountain systems. 

b. Other highlands. 

2. Depressions. 

3. Rivers and Lakes. 
Magdalena 
Orinoco. 
Amazon. 
La Plata. 
Lake Titicaca. 

Islands. 

I. Location and importance. 
Clifuate. 

1. Summers. 

2. Winters. 



Source. 
Course 
Drains what. 
Empties where. 



e8 


GEOGRAPHY. 




6. 


Vegetation and Soil. 

1. Natural. 

2. Cultivated. 

3. Nature of soil. 








7- 


Commerce. 

1. Exports. 

2. Imports. 








8. 


Animals. 

1. Domestic. 

2. Wild. 








9- 


Minerals. 








lo. 


Inhabitants. 

1. Number and national 

2. Occupations. 

3. Modes of travel. 

4. Education. 

5. Religions. 


ity. 






II. 


Political Divisions. 










I. Brazil. 


> 


I. 


Position. 




2. Venzeuela. 






a. Boundaries and area. 




3. Guiana. 




2. 


Surface. 




4. Columbia. 




3- 


Climate. 




5. Ecuador. 




4- 


Commerce. 




6. Peru. 

7. Bolivia. 

8. Chili. 

9. Argentina. 

10. Uraguay. 

11. Paraguay. 

12. Patagonia. 

13. Tierra del Fuego. 




5- 
6. 

7- 


a. Exports. 

b. Imports. 

Form of government. 
Important cities. 

a. Names. 

b. Locations. 

c. Why important. 
Capitals. 


12. 


Map. 










I. Draw complete map ( 


^ii 


South America from memory. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



19 



EUROPE. 

1. Position. 

1. Boundaries and area. 

2. Indentation and projection of coasts. 

2. Surface. 

1. Elevations. 

a. Mountains. 

b. Other highlands. 

2. Depressions and drainage. 

3. Rivers. 

1. Names. 

2. Source. 

3. Direction. 

4. Extent. 

5. Empty where. 

4. Lakes. 

1. Names. 

2. Location. 

5. Climate and Vegetation. 

1. Southern Europe. 

2. Central ** 

3. Northern "^ 

6. Nations of Europe, 

1. Germanic. 

2. Romanic. 

3. Slavonic. 

4. Celts. 

7. Independent States of Europe. 

1. Number. 

2. Names. 

3. Forms of Government. 



a. Summers. 

b. Winters. 



a. Composed of what. 

b. Why so called. 



D 




GEOGRAPHY. 




8. Countries of Europe, 










1 


I. 


Position. 

a. Boundaries. 

b. Area. 








2. 


Surface. 
a. Highlands. 


I. 


British Isles. 






b. How drained. 


2. 


Germany. 




3- 


Climate. 


3- 


Russia. 






a. Summers. 


4- 


Austria. 






b. Winters. 


5- 


Turkey. 




4. 


Vegetation and soiL 


6. 


France. 






a. Chief products. 


7- 


Switzerland. 






b. Nature of soil. 


8, 


Norway. 


J 


5- 


Commerce. 


9- 


wSweden. 


1 




a. Exports. 


lO. 


Denmark. 






b. Imports. 


II. 


Holland. 




6. 


Animals. 


12. 


Belgium. 




7- 


Minerals. 


13 


Spain. 




8. 


Form of government. 


14 


Portugal. 




9- 


Inhabitants. 


I^ 


Italy. 






a. Number. 


I( 


Greece. 




10. 


b. Occupations. 

c. Education. 

d. Religions. 
Important cities. 

a: Name and locate 
b. Why important. 


9. -Mt^. 






I. 


Draw complete map of Europe from memory. 






ASIA. 




I. Position. 






I. 


Boundaries. 






2 


Area. 






3 


Indentation and 


projection 


of coasts. 


2. Surface. 






I 


Elevations. 








a. Mountain and otl 


ler highlanns. 



6. 





GEOGRAPHY 


21 


2. Depressions and 


drainage. 




Rivers and Lakes. 








I. Names. 








2. Source. 








3. Course. 








4. Empty where. 








Climate. 








I. How varied. 








Vegetation. 








I. Natural. 








2. Cultivated. 








Conwie7'ce. 








I. Exports. 








2. Imports. 








jinimais. 
I. Domestic. 








2. Wild. 








Inhabitants. 








I. Number. 








2. Races. 








5/^/^j-. 








I. Russia in Asia. 




' I. 


Position and area. 


2. Turkistan. 




2. 


Surface and drainage. 


3. Persia. 




3- 


Climate and vegetation. 


4. Afghanistan. 




4- 


Exports and imports. 


5. Turkey in Asia. 




5- 


Minerals. 


6. Beloochistan. 




6. 


Inhabitants. 


7. Arabia. 




. 


a. Number and occup'n. 


8. India. 






b. Education. 


9. Farther India. 






c. Religions, 


10. China. 




7- 


Forms of government. 


II. Japan. 




8. 


Important cities. 


12. East India Archipel- 




a. Why important. 


ago. 




^ 


b. Capitals. 


Map. 








I. Draw a complete map < 


3f Asia from memory. 



22 



GEOGRAPHY. 



lO. 



AFRICA. 

1. Position^ 

1. Boundaries and area. 

2. Indentation and projection of coasts. 

2. Surface. 

1. Mountains and other highlands. 

2. Depressions and drainage. 

3. Rivers and Lakes. 

1. Names. 

2. Source. 

3. Course. 
Climate. 

Vegetation and Soil. 
Exports and Imports, 
Animals. 
Minerals. 
Inhabitants. 

1. Number, races, and occupations. 

2. Education and religions. 

3. Modes of travel. 
States. 



Morocco. 

Algiers. 

Tunis. 

Tripoli. 

Egypt. 

Nubia. 

Abyssinia. 

8. The Sahara. 

9. The Soudan. 
10. Cape Colony. 



3 1. Map. 



Position and boundaries. 

Surface and vegetation. 

Climate 

Chief products. 

Exports and imports. 

Minerals. 

Inhabitants. 

a. Occupations. 

b. Education and relig- 

ions. 
8. Important cities. 

a. Names. 

b. Location. 

c. Why important. 



I. Draw complete map of Africa from memory. 



GEOGRAPHY. 



as 



AUSTRALIA. 



I. Divisions. 



The Continent. 
Australian islands. 
Polynesian islands. 



•I. 


position and area. 


2. 


Surface. 


3- 


Climate. 


4- 


Vegetation and soil. 


5. 


Minerals. 


6. 


Rivers. 


7- 


Exports and imports. 


8. 


Inhabitants. 




a. Number. 




b. Occupations. 




f. Religions. 


9- 


Important cities. 


Im- 


Form of government 



2. Map. 

I . Draw map of Australia from memory. 



REVIEW OF GEOGRAPHY. 



1. Give the latitude and longitude of the capital of each state 
and country of the globe. 

2. Give the most practicable route to travel from New York to 
each of the capitals of the states and countries shown on the 
maps; also the different races of men and other objects of inter- 
est that may be seen in such countries. 



24 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 



PERIOD OF DISCOVERIES. 

Discoveries and Claims, 
I. The Icelanders and Norwegians in America, 

a. Who were they. 

b. Why were their discoveries not recorded. 



2. Spanish. 

3. French. 

4. Dutch. 

5. English. 



a. Discoverers. 

b. What discovered. 

c. Dates. 

d. Territory claimed. 

e. Settlements made. 



2. American Indians, 

T. Number and manner of living. 

2. How treated by whites. 

3. Their claims to America. 

3. Maps. 

1. Draw map of North x-Vmerica. 

2. Draw map of Atlantic Ocean showing the routes taken 

by prominent discoverers. 

4. Review of Period of Discoveries. 

I. Give a brief history of each of the principal discoverers, 
what each discovered, and the routes taken. 



COLONIAL PERIOD. 
1607— 1775. 
I. Draw map of the provinces as they were claimed in 16 J J 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 



25 



History of the Colonies. 




1. Virginia. 


a. Form of government. 


2. Massachusetts. 




3. New Hampshire. 


r I. When. 


4. Maryland. 


b. Founded. \ 2. Where. 


5. Connecticut. 


1 3. By whom 


6. New York. 


7. New Jersey. 


r I. Religious. 


8. Pennsylvania. 


c. Troubles. \ 2. Political. 


9. Delaware. 


( ^. Indian. 


10. N. Carolina. 


V 


.11. S. Carolina. 


d. Education. 


12. Georgia. 


e. Leading men. 


13. Rhode Island. 


WARS. 




' a. Cause. 


. 


b. Dates. 


King William's War. 


c. Where fought. 


Queen Anne's War. 
King George s War. 


d. Objects. 


] e. Parties engaged. 


French and Indian War. 


/ Results. 




g. How terminated. 




h. Effects on the colonies. 



REVIEW OF COLONIAL PERIOD. 

1. Draw map of the colonies as they were in 1775. 

2, Give a list of noted men of this period and state for 

what each was noted. 



26 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 

REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 

1. Causes of tJie Revolutionary War. 

\ I. Right of arbitrary government claimed by Great Britain. 
a I How was this a cause. 

§ J 2. Influence of France. How a cause. 
g I 3. Personal character of the colonists. How was this a 
jiii i cause. 

1^ 4. Personal character of the King, How was this a cause. 

1. Importation act. 
a. Provisions, b. Objections to iL 

2. Stamp act. 
a. Provisions, b. Objections to it. c. How carried 

out. 

3. First colonial congress assembled. 
a. When. b. Where, c. What was done. 

4. Second Importation Act. 
a. Provisions, b. Effect on the colonies. 

5. Boston ''Tea Party." 
a. Give its history, b. Leading rnen. 

6. Boston massacre. 
a. Cause, b. Results. 

7. Boston port bill. 
a. Provisions, b. Objects, c. Effect. 

8. Quartering British troops in colonies. 
a. Requirements, b. Results. 

9. Second colonial congress assembled, 
dz. When. ^. Where, c. What was done. ^.Lead- 
ing men. e. Results. 

2. Miliiary Operations of 177 j. 

1. Battle of Lexington. 

a. Date. b. Object, c. Commanders, d. Results. 
e. Incidents of the battle. 

2. Ticonderoga and Crown Point captured. 

a. By whom. b. Objects, c. Results. 

3. Battle of Bunker Hill. 

a. Date. b. Object, c. Commanders, d. Results. 
e. Incidents of the battle. 

4. Draw map of Boston and vicinity showing the position 

and movements of troops at Bunker Hill, Lexington, 
and Concord.' 



< 

w 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 27 

5. Commander-in-chief appointed. 

a. Who. b. When, c. Where, d. By whom. 

6. Invasion of Canada. 

<7. By whom. z^. Date. r. Object. ^.Engagements. 
e. Leading officers. / Results. 
Military Operatio7is of lyjO. 

1. Siege of Boston. 

a. How conducted, b. Results. 

2. Battle of Fort Moultrie. 

a» Date. b. Object, c. Commanders, d. Results. 
e. Incidents of the battle. 

3. Declaration of Independence 

a. When made. b. By whom. c. Leading men. 

d. Effect on the country. 

4. Battle of Long Island. 

a. Date. b. Qbject. c. Commanders, d. Results. 

e. Draw map showing position and movements of 
troops. 

5. Washington's retreat through New Jersey. 

a. Engagements, h. Route taken, c. Leading men. 
d. Results. 

6. Winter quarters. 

a. Where, b. Position of troops. 
Military Operaiio7is of ij'j'j . 

1 . Washington's Campaign in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. 

a. Object, b. Movements, c. Engagements, d. Lead- 
ers. <f. Incidents. /. Results, g. Draw map show- 
ing movements of troops in Pennsylvania. 

2. Burgoyne's Invasion. 

a. Object, b. Route tak:;n. c. Engagements, d. Re- 
sults. 

3. Winter quarters. 

a. Where, b. Condition of the armies. 

4. National flag adopted. 

a. By whom. b. When. c. Give its history. 



>8 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 

5. Military Operations of 1778. 

1. The French Alliance. 

a. Why so called, b. How brought about, c. Effect 
on England and America, d. What aid received 
from France. 

2. British retreat from Philadelphia to New York. 

a. Cause, b. Engagements, c. Results. 

3. French fleet. 

a. Operations in 1778. b. Results. 

6. Military Operations ift lyyg. 

1. In the South. 

a. What troop, b. Object, c. Engagements, d. Re- 
sults, e. Draw map showing movements. 

2. In the North. 

a. What troop, b. Object, c. Engagements, d. Re- 
sults, e. Draw map showing movements of troops. 

3. Situation at close of 1779. 

a. General feeling, b. Cause, c. What trouble in 
purchasing supplies. 

7. Military Ope?ations in lySo. 

1. Siege of Charleston. 

a. By whom. b. Results, c. Leading men,. 

2. Gates' operations. 

a. Route, b. Engagements, c. Results. 

3. Treason of Arnold. 

a. Where, b. Cause, c. How discovered, d. Re- 
suits, e. Give brief sketch of Arnold's life and ser- 
vices. 

4. Condition of army in winter of 1780-81. 

a. General feelings, b. What demonstrations made. 
c. How met. 

8. Military Operations of 178 1. 

I. Greene in the Carolinas. 

a. Engagements, b. Leading men. c. Incidents of 
the campaign, d. Results, e. Draw map of the 
Carolinas showing movements of the troops. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 29 

2. Siege of Yorktown. 

a. Forces, b. Leading officers, c. Duration, d. Re- 
sults. 

3. Close of the War. 

a. What steps were taken for peace, b. When and 
where was treaty of peace signed, c. Results of the 
war. 
Preparations for a Constitutional Gover?i?nent. 
3. Articles of Confederation adopted. 

a. Objects, b. When adopted, c. Defects, d. Con- 
tinued how long. 

2. Constitution adopted. 

a. When b. How. c. What opposition, d. Ob 
jections raised to it. e. How were these objections 
compromised. 

3. Political parties formed. 

a. What parties, b. Platforms. 



REVIEW OF REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 

Write a list of battles in chronological order, giving 
commanders and successful parties. 

Write an essay on the cause and results of the Revolu- 
tionary War. 

Trace on map of the United States the movements of 
the armies, and recite the most important incidents 
of the war, from Lexington and Concord to its close. 

Draw map of United States as it was in 1783. 



^O HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 

CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 
Washington's administration. — 1 7^9-^797* 

1. Election. 

1 . By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. The government established. 

a. Departments, and duties of each. b. Cabinet offi- 
cers, and duties of each. 

2. Revenue. 

a. Why needed, b. How raised. 

3. Seat of government established. 

a. Where, b. For how long. 

4. French Revolution. 

a. Its effect in the United States. 

5. Whiskey Insurrection. 

a. Where, b. Cause, c. Effect. 

6. Boundaries between United States, Florida, and Louis- 

iana. 

a. How settled, b. Gain to United States. 

7. States admitted. 

a. What. b. Dates, c. From what territory. 



ADAMS' administration. — 1797-180I, 

1. Election, 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. French difficulties. 

a. Cause, b. Extent, e. How terminated. 

2, Death of Washington. 

a. When. b. Where, c. Cause. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 3^ 

3. Alien and sedition laws. 

a. By whom passed, b. Provisions. c. How re- 
ceived, d. Results. 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. — 180I-1809. 

1. Election. 

I. By what party. 

2 Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Louisiana purchase. 

^. From whom. /^. Price paid. ^. Territory included, 
d. Advantage to the United States. 

2. Tripolitan War. 

a. Cause, b. Incidents, c. How and when termi 
nated. 

3. Burr-Hamilton duel. 

a. Cause, b. Results, c. What became of Burr. 

4. Embargo of 1807. 

a. Causes, b. Provisions, c. Results. 

5. Steamboat invented. 

a. By whom. b. When. c. Results. 

6. States admitted. 

a. What. b. Date. c. From what territory. 



Madison's administration. — 1809-1817. 

1. Election, 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts, 

1. Non-intercourse Act. 

a. Provisions, b. Results. 

2. Battle of Tippecanoe. 

a. Causes, b. Parties engaged, c. Incidents. 



32 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 

3. U^ar of 1812. 

1. Causes of the War. 

a. Causes, b. What principle involved. 

2. Military operations of 181 2. 

1. Hull's surrender. 

a. Relate the circumstances, b. Cause, c. Results. 

2. Battle of Queenstown Heights. 

a. Date. b. Route, c. Leaders, d. Results. 

3. Naval operations of 181 2. 

I. Engagements. 
a. Where, b. Parties, c. Results. 

4. Military operations of 181 3. 

1. Army of the West. ,* q, . 

2. Army of the Centre. ' r- a 

A r 4.1, XT *i, i ^- Commanders. 

3. Army of the North. ^ Movements. 

4. Indian wars. ^ ^ ^^^^^^^ 

5. Hartford Convention. 

a. By whom held. b. Its objects, c. Results. 

6. Military operations of 181 4. 

f a. Positions. 

1. Northern campaign. * ^ -' * •, 

c, ^u • " ^- Commanders. 

2. Southern campaign. '71:. 

^ ° a. Engagements. 

e. Results. 

3. Battle of New Orleans. 

a. Position, b. Object, c. Movements, d. Com- 
manders, e. Results. 

4. War terminated. 

a. By what treaty. b. When. c. Gain or loss to 
the United States. 

7. War with Algiers. 

a. Cause, b. Movements, c. Results. 

8. Bank of United States chartered. 

a. Give its history, b. By whom advocated, c. By 
whom opposed. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES, ' 33 

9. States admitted. 

a. What. b. Date. c. From what territory. 



Monroe's administration. — i8i 7-1825. 

1. Election. I 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Agitation concerning internal improvements. 

a. Causes, b. Who favored, c. Who opposed, d. 
Results. 

2. Indian war in Georgia. 

a. Causes, b. How suppressed, c. Results. 

3. Florida purchase. 

a. From whom. b. Price paid, c. Gain to United 
States. 

4. States admitted. 

a. What. b. Date. c. From what territory. 

5. Missouri compromise. 

a. Cause, b. Provisions, c. By whom advocated. 
d. By whom opposed. 

6. Monroe doctrine. 

a. What was it. b. How brought about. 

7. Visit of La Fayette. 



JOHN QUINCY ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION. 1825-1829. 

1. Election. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2 . Important Facts. 

I. Treaty with the Creek Indians. 

a. Cause of dispute, b. How settled, c. Provisions 
of the treaty. 



34 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 

2. Death of eminent men. 

a. Who. b. Write brief sketch of their lives. 

3. Protective tariff. 

a. Define, d. What objections to it. c. Where pop- 
ular and why. d. Where distasteful and why. 

I — 

Jackson's administration. — 1829-1837. 

1. Election. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Attempt to renew the United States Bank charter. 

a. By what party advooe-ted. b. By what party op- 
posed, c. Results. 

2. Black Hawk war. 

a. Causes. I?. Where fought, c. Results. 

3. Nullification. 

a. Define, b. Cause, c. Where endorsed, d. How 
settled. 

4. Florida war. 

a. Causes. b. Commanders, c. How conducted. 
d. Results. 

5. Politics. 

a. Democrats ") i. Advocated what. 

b. Whigs. 3 2. Leading men. 

6. States admitted. 

a. What, b. Dates, e. From what territory, 



VAN buren's administration. — 1 83 7-1 841, 
I. Election. 

1. By what party, 

2. Meaning of election. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 35 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Financial crisis of 1837. 

a. Causes, b. Effects. 

2. Foreign affairs. 

a Give the history of the "Canada Rebellion." 

3. States admitted. 

a. What. b. Date. c. From what territory. 



HARRISON AND TYLER's ADMINISTRATION 184I-1845. 

1. Election. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Death of Harrison. 

a. When. b. Who became President. 

2. Tyler's action on U. S. Bank bill. 

a. What was it. b. How received by his party, c. 
Result. 

3. Ashburton Treaty. 

a. Settled what. b. Why so named. 

4. Dorr's Rebellion. 

a. Where, b. Causes, e. How terminatei. 

5. Mormon troubles. 

a. Where, b. Cau:e. c. Results. 

6. States admitted. 

a. What. b. Date. c. From what territon 



folk's ADMINISTRATION. 1845-1849. 

1. Election. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 



36 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 



MEXICAN ^ 


WAR. 


Causes. 


Campaigns. 


I. On the Rio Grande. 




2. Invasion of Mexico 


a. Date. 


by Taylor. 


b. Route taken. 


3. The conquest of New 


^ c. Engagements. 
' d. Commanders. 


Mexico and Cali- 


fornia by Fremont 


e. Results. 


and Kearney. 


/. Incidents of the war 


4. Scott in Mexico. ^ 




Peace established. 


a. How. b. Date. c. Gain or loss to United St 


Gold discovered. 


a. When. b. Where, c. Results. 


Free Soil party organized. 


a. When. b. By whom. c. Platform. 


States admitted. 


a. What, b. Date. c. From what territory. 



TAYLOR'S AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATIONS. — 1849-1853. 

1. Election. 

1 . By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. The omnibus bill. 

a. Its purpose, b. Provisions, c. Effect. 

2. Cuban difficulties. 

a. Cause, h. Results. 

3. Trouble with England. 

a. Cause, b. How settled, c. Results. 

4. An Arctic squadron equipped. 

a. Its object, b. Commander, c. Results. 

5. Death of Taylor. 

a. When. b. Where, c. Who became President. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 37 

6. Death of Clay and Webster. 

a. Date. b. Write brief sketch of their lives. 



pierce' S ADMINISTRATION. — I 85 3-1 85 7 . 

1. Election. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Route for Pacific railroad explored. 

a. Where, b. When. c. By whom. 

2. Japan opens two ports of entry to the United States. 

a. How brought about, b. Effect on the United 
States. 

3. Gadsden Purchase. 

a. What. b. From whom. c. Provisions. 

4. Kansas Nebraska bill. 

a. Origin, b. Provisions, c. When passed, d. Re- 
sults. 

5. Republican party formed. 

a. By whom. b. Platform. 



Buchanan's administration. — 1 857-1861. 
Election, 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 
Important Facts. 

2. Mormon troubles. 

a. What. b. Results. 

2. Atlantic telegraph laid. 

a. By whom. ^. When. c. Of what importance. 

3. Dred Scott decision. 

a. Give its history. 



38 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 

4. John Brown's raid. 

a. Give its history. 

5. Democratic party divided. 

a. Causes, b. Date, c. Results. 

6. States admitted. 

a. What. b. Date. c. From what territory. 



Lincoln's administration. — 1 86 i-i 865 . 
Election. 

1. By whom elected. 

2. Meaning of the election. 
Important Facts. 

1. Fort Sumpter bombarded. 

a. When. d. By whom. c. Results. 

2. Secession. 

a. Definition, b. By whom advocated, c. By whom 
. opposed, d. What states seceded. 

3. Civil war. 

a. Definition, b. Give the causes, both remote and 
immediate, that led to our civil war. 



REVIEW OF the CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD TO THE WAR OF SECESSION. 

1. Write a list of Presidents from Washington to Lincoln 

inclusive, in the order in which they were elected. 

2. Make a list of political parties in chronological order 

with a brief statement of the platforms of each. 

3. Review of political meanings of presidential elections. 

4. List of states admitted, with dates of admission, and 

from what territory taken. 

5. List of conspicuous actors of the war of 181 2, stating 

for what each was noted. 

6. List of conspicuous actors of the Mexican war, stating 

for what each was noted. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 39 

7. Draw a map showing the original thirteen states ; Span- 

ish cession in 1819; Mississippi Territory; territory 
south of the Ohio river; territory north of the Ohio 
river ; province of Louisiana ; Mexican cession ; and 
Texas. 

8. Prepare a sketch of the lives and public services of Pat- 

rick Henry, John Hancock, Benjamin Franklin, 
Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, LaFayette, George 
Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Alex- 
ander Hamilton, Robert Fulton, Tecumseh, James 
Madison, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, Daniel Web- 
ster, Black Hawk, Winfield Scott, Santa Anna, John 
C. Calhoun, and Zachary Taylor. 



WAR OF SECESSION. 



OPERATIONS OF 1 86 1. 

1. Organization of the Army. 

1. How organized. 

2. What difficulties experienced. 

3. Who appointed commander. 

4. Important places held by Federals. 

5. Important places held by Confederates. 

2. In the M^est. 

1. In Missouri. ^ a. Engagements. 

2. On the Mississippi. | ^- Prominent officers. 

, In the East. } c. Feelings of the people. 

I. In West Virginia. d. Conduct of the soldiers. 

2'. In Eastern Virginia. J e. Results of campaigns. 

4. Naval and Coast Operations. 

1 . Places held by Federals. 

2. Places held by Confederates. 

5. Foreign Relations. 

I. Attitude of France. 



40 HISTORY OK UNITED STATES. 

2. Attitude of England. 

3. Trent affair. 

a. What troubles, b. How settled. 



OPERATIONS OF 1 862. 

1. In the West. 

1. Federal position. 

2. Confederate position. 

3. Engagements. 

4. Trace movements of armies on map. 

5. Leading officers. 

6. Results. 

a. Of each engagement. 

b. Of the campaigns. 

2. In the East. 

T^. . . r ^ f a. Federal. 

1. Disposition of troops. | ^ Confederate. 

2. Peninsula campaign, 

a. Date. (5. Objective point, c. Route taken, d. 
Engagements, e. Leading officers. /. Important 
events, g. Results, h. Draw a map of the Pen- 
insula showing the route taken and battles fought. 

3. Lee's invasion of the North. 

a. Date. b. Object, c. Route, d. Engagements. 
e. Leading officers. /. Important events, g. 
Results. 

4. On the Rappahannock. 

a. Engagements, b. Dates, c. Results. 

5. At New Orleans. 

a. Date. b. Results, c. Draw a map of New Or- 
leans and vicinity. 

6. Naval actions. 

a. Engagements, b. Results. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATED- 



4- 



3. Battle of Chancellorsville. 



OPERATIONS OF 1863. 

Emancipation Proclamation, 

1. Date. 

2. Provisions. 

3. Effect on the country. 
In the East, 

1. Position of troops in spring of 1863. 

a. Federal, b. Confederate. 

2. Change of commanders. 

a. What change, b. When made. c. Cause. 
' a. Date. 

b. Objective point. 

c. Commanders. 

d. Results. 

4. Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania. 

a. Date. b. Object, c. Route, d. Engagements. 
e. Commanders. /. Important events, g. Re- 
sults. 
In the West. 
I. Position of troops. 

a. Federal, b. Confederate. 

f a. Commanders. 
b. Object, c. Route. 

d. Engagements. 

e. Important events. 

f. Results. 



2. 


Army of the Tennessee. ; 


3- 


Army of the Cumberland. 


\ 
Draft Riots. 


I. 


Where. 


2. 


Cause. 


3- 


Results. 



OPERATIONS OF 1 864. 

I. In Virginia. 

I. Position of troops. 

a. Federal, b. Confederates. 



42 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 



2. Grant's move on Richmond, 

3. Command under Butler. 

4. Sheridan's valley campaign. 

2. In the West. 



Sherman's campaign. e. 

Red River expedition. J / 

Thomas' campaign. | g. 
Naval operations. 



3. Lincoln* s Reelection. 

1. By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 



a. Object, b. Route. 

c. Engagements. 

d. Important events. 

e. Commanders. 
/. Results. 



Positions, b. Objects. 

Routes, d. Commanders. 

Engagements. 

Important events. 

Results, h. Draw map of 
Western and Southern 
states showing the move- 
ments of the armies. 





OPERATIONS OF 


1865. 


I. 


Sherman' s Movements. 


i.a. 


Objects, b. Routes 


2. 


Sheridan' s Movements. 


^• 


Engagements. 


3- 


Grant's Movements. 


\d. 


Results. 


4. 


Assassination of Lincoln. 

1. By whom. 

2. Effect on the country 

3. Results. 






5. 


Jeff. Davis Captured. 

1. Where. 

2. When. 








3. What was done with him. 




6. 


Army Disbanded. — When, 


how, 


and where. 



Johnson's administration. - 
Election as Vice-President. 

1. By what party. 

2. How made President. 



1865-1869. 



HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 43 

2. Important Fads. 

1. Reconstruction. 

a. What steps taken. 

2. Public debt. 

a. Amount, b. What steps were taken to meet it. 

3. Foreign relations. 

a. With France in regard to Mexico. 

4. Impeachment of Johnson. 

a. Cause, b. Results. 

5. States re-admitted. 

a. What states, b. How. 

6. Purchase of Alaska. 

a. Object, b. Price paid. 



grant's administration. — 1 869-1877. 

1. Election. 

1 . By what party. 

2. Meaning of the election. 

2. Important Facts. 

1. Completion of Pacific Railroad. 

a. Date. b. Extent, c. Of what importance. 

2. Constitutional amendments adopted. 

a. What ones. b. Provisions. 

3. Ninth census completed. 

a. Population of United States. 

4. Treaty of Washington made. 

a. Its object, b. By whom. c. Its provisions, d. Its 
results. 

5. Chicago fire. 

a. Date. b. Loss. c. Effect on the country. 

6. Grant reelected. 

a. By what party, b. Meaning of the election. 

7. Boston fire. 

a. Date. b. Loss. c. Effects. 



44 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 

8. Modoc war. 

a. Causes, b. How fought, c. Results. 

9. Credit Mobiler investigation. 

a. Causes, b. Results. 

10. Louisiana troubles. 

a. Causes, b. Results. 

11. Financial panic of 1873. 

a. Causes, b. Results. 

12. Death of eminent men. 

a. Who. b. When. 



HAYES ADMINISTRATION. 

1. By what party, 

2. What trouble in regard to electoral count and how was it 

settled. 

3. Indian Troubles. 

a. When begun, b. Engagements and losses, c. 
How settled. 

4. Condition of the Country ^ January i, iSyS. 

a. Financial, b. Commercial, c. Agricultural, d. 
Political, e. Educational. 



REVIEW OF CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD FROM BEGINNING OF WAR OF 
SECESSION TO 1 878. 

1. List of prominent actors of War of Secession, stating for 

what each was noted. 

2. List of decisive battles and the successful parties. 

3. Write a brief history of the War of Secession. 

4. Prepare a sketch of the lives and public services of Abraham 

Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglass, William H. Seward, Jeffer- 
son Davis, Stonewall Jackson, U. S. Grant, Geo. B. Mc- 
Clellan, Philip Kearney, Charles Sumner, Horace Greeley, 
Andrew Johnson, Robert E. Lee, W. T. Sherman, George 
H. Thomas, and Oliver P. Morton. 

5. Draw a may of United States as it was in 1877, locating im- 

portant cities, railroads, and rivers. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE, 



PART I.— PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. Classification of Bodies. 

1. Organic j a. Define. 

2. Inorganic. J b. Give examples. 

2. Organic Bodies Divided. 

1. Vegetable. ^a. Define. 

2. Animal. j b. Give examples. 

3. Animal Characteristics. 

1. Manner of taking food. | Compared with vegetables. 

2. Nervous system. J 

4. Animal Sub-Kingdo7ns. 

1. Radiates. ^ 

2. Mollusks. ! a. Define. 

3. Articulates. | b. Give examples. 

4. Vertebrates. J 

5. Vertebrates Classified. 

1. Fishes. "j 

2. Reptiles. I Describe each class. 

3. Birds. f 

4. Mammals. J 

6. Relation of Man to the Lower Animals. 

I. Characteristics of Man. 

a. Framework of body. b. Face. c. Mind. ^.Expres- 
sive functions. 

7. Human Body Divided into Systems. 

1. Nutrition. ~\ a. Define each. 

2. Voluntary motion. >- b. Analyze each. 

3. Nervous. ) c Give examples. 



46 PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

NUTRITION. 

1. Food. 

.„ . , (a. Define. 

1. Albuminate. ) ^_ Why so called. 

2. Carbonaceous. ^^^ Examples of each. 

2. Mouth. 

I. Mastication. 

d!. Define it. b. Its purpose, 

2. Mucous Membrane. 

a. Describe it. b. Why so called, c. Its functions. 

3. Serous Membrane. 

a. Describe it. b. Why so called, c. Its functions. 

4. Teeth. 

a. Composition, b. Number, c, Clsisses and names. 
d. Shape and functions. 

3. Salivary Glands. 

1. Parotid. (a. Situation. 

2. Submaxillary. X b. Functions. 

3. Sublingual. ( c. Why so named. 

4. Saliva. 

I. Its composition. 2. Its use. 3. Why better than wa- 
ter. 

5. Tongue. 

1. Describe it. 2. What is its use. 

6. Pharynx. 

I. Shape. 2. Structure. 3. Linings. 4. Openings and 
termination. 

7. Esophagus. 

1. Position and extent. 2. Number and description of coats. 
3. Functions and terminations. 



DIGESTION. 

Stomach, 
I. Shape, position, and orifices. 2. Functions. 3. Describe 
the coats. 4. Sympathy between stomach and mouth. 5. 
Process of digestion in the stomach. 6. Formation of 
chyme. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 



47 



2. Intestinal Canal. 

I. Duodenum, {a. Shape and length. 



2. Jejunum. 

3. Ileum. 



b. Describe the coats. 

c. Why so named. 



4. Mesentery. | a. Location, b. Arrangement. 

5. Lacteals. \c. Why so named, d. Functions. 



6. Caecum, 

7. Colon. 

8. Rectum. 

3. Liver. 

I. Location. 2. 

4. Pancreas. 

I. Location. 2. 

5. C/zy/^. 

I. How formed. 

6. Thoracic Duct. 

I. Location. 2. 

7. Spleen. 

I. Location. 2. Shape. 



^. Length. 

b. Structure. 

c. Use of Ileo-Colic valve. 



Shape. 3. Functions. 

Shape. 3. Functions. 

2. Where transmitted. 

Extent. 3. Function. 

3. Functions. 



Use. 



CIRCULATION. 

1. TTie Heart. 

I. Location, 2. Position. 3. Shape. 4. Divisions. 5, 
Right and left sides compared. 6. Action described. 
7. Valves and their uses. 

2. Arteries. 

I. Structure and origin. 2. Ramifications. 3. Functions. 

3. Capillaries. 

I. Structure, 2. Location. 3. Functions. 

4. F^/«x. 

I. Origin. 2. Structure. 3. Terminations. 4. Functions. 
5. How distinguished from arteries. 

5. Pulse. 

I. Define. 2. How caused. 



[6 PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

6. Lymphatics. 

I. Location. 2. Structure. 3. Functions. 4. Communi- 
cations. 

7. Absorbants. 

I. Describe them. 2. Functions. 

8. Afiasfomosing Vessels. 

I. What are they. 2. Why so called. 3. Communica- 
tions. 4. Functions. 



RESPIRATION. 

1. Respiratory Apparatus. 

I. Consists of what. 2. Its purpose, 

2. Trachea. 

I. Location. 2. Structure. 3. Communications. 4. Func- 
tions. 

3. Bronchia. 

I. Origin. 2. Structure. 3. Ramifications. 4. Termi- 
nation. 

4. Air Cells. 

I. Location. 2. Structure. 3. Functions. 4. How gasses 
are transmitted through them. 

5. Ltmgs. 

I. Number. 2. Location. 3. Position. 4. Functions. 

6. Diaphragm. 

I. Define. 2. Structure. 3. Shape. 4. How bounded. 
5. Describe the process of respiration. 

7. Purpose of Respiration. 

I. What is it. 2. Use of oxygen to the system. 

8. Animal Heat. 

I. Definition. 2. Source. 3. Use to the body. 

9. Liver. 

I. Location. 2. Position. 3. Size. 4. Color. 5. 
Functions. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 4q 

10. The Ski 71. 

I. Coats named and described. 2. Glands named and de- 
scribed. 3. Insensible perspiration defined. 

11. The Kidneys. 

I. Location. 2. Shape. 3. Color. 4. Functions. 

12. Temperature of the body, 

I. How affected in man. 2. In different animals. 3. In 
different climates. 



GROWTH AND REPAIR. 

1. Blood. 

I. Its composition. 2. Its use. 3. Amount in human 
body. 4. Different kinds. 5. Color. 

2. Blood Disks, 

I. What are they. 2. Different kinds. 3. Functions. 

3. 6>// Structure. 

I. How carried on. 2. Mode of growth explained. 3. 
How cells are destroyed. 4. Relation of blood to celJ 
transformation. 



THE SKELETON. 

1. Bones. 

I. Their uses. 2. Structure. 3. Covering. 4. Shapes. 
5. Process of ossification. 6. Chemical composition. 
7. Joints defined and classified. 

2. Cartilages. 

I. Definition. 2. Uses. 

3. Ligaments. 

I. Formation. 2. Uses. 

4. ^^«^.f of the head. 

I. Skull bones. 

a. Names. ^. Shape, c. Location, d. Joints. 



50 PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

2. P'ace Bones. 

a. Names, b. Number. 

5. Spinal Column. 

I. Number of bones. 2. Shape of bones. 3. How held 
together. 

6. Ribs. 

I. Number. 2. Position. 3. Curvatures. 4. Articula- 
tions. 

7. Sternum. 

I. Shape. 2. Location. 3. Functions. 

8. Upper Extrenieties. 

1. Shoulder, r^. Names. <^. Number. 

2. Arms. \ c. Shape, d. Articulations. 

3. Hands. (^ ^. Functions. 

9. Lower Extremeties. 

1. Thigh, (a. Names, b. Number, c. Shape. 

2. Leg. \ d. Size. e. Articulations. 

3. Foot. \J. Functions. 



MUSCLES. 

1. Formation. 

I. How formed. 2. Fibers and Facia described. 

2. Muscular Contraction. 

I. How caused. 2. Its power. 

3. 6'jr(? of the Muscles. 

4. Tendons. 

I. Formation. 2. Uses. 3. How united with muscles. 

5. Ai'rafigemettt of Muscles. 

I. To produce motion. 2. In pairs. 

6. Muscular Motion. 

1. Voluntary. {a. Define. 

2. Involuntary. | b. Give examples. 



LARYNX. 

I. Position, Shape, and Communications. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 5 1 



2. Cartilages. 

1. Cricoid. ^ 

2. Thyroid. )■ Describe each. 

3. Arytenoid. ) 

3. Glottis and Epiglottis. 

I. Location. 2. Definition. 3. Uses. 

4. Vocal Cords. 

I. Position. 2. Formation. 3. Uses. 

5. Pitch of Voice. 

I. How caused. 2. How modulated. 

6. Functions of the Larnyx. 



NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

1. Brain. 

I. Divisions. 2. Composition. 3. Functions. 4. Mem- 
branes. 

^. Describe each. 

2. Cranial Nerves. 

I. Number. 2. Extent. 3. Connections. 4. Arrange- 
ment. 5. Functions. 

3. Spinal Nerves. 

I. Number. 2. Divisions. 3. Names. 4. Arrangement. 
5. Ramifications. 

4. Motor Nerves. 

I. Origin. 2. Functions. 3. Effect of injury to them 

5. Sentient Nerves. 

I. Origin. 2. Functions. 3 Terminations. 

6. Effect of Injury to a Nervous Trunk. 

7. Sympathetic Nervous System. 

I. Definition. 2. Relation to other nerves. 



SENSE OF HEARING. 

I. 2he Ear. How divided. Use. 



52 PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

J. External ear. 

a. Shape. /^. Purpose, c. Openings, how protected- 

2. Tympanum. 

a. Location. ^. Shape, c. Size. d. Use. 

3. Bones ot the ear. 

a. Number. i>. Shape. c. Location, d. Names. 
e. Use. /. Articulations, g. Effect of disease up- 
on the bones. 

4. Labyrinth. 

a. Composed of what. ^. Describe the vestibule. 

5. Sound. 

a. How transmitted. ^. IIow made. 



SENSE OF SEEING- 

The Eye, 

1. Divisions. 

2. Muscles. 

a. Number, b. Attatchments. c. Functions. 

3. Lachrymal Glands. 

a. Location, b. Functions. 

4. Coats of the eye. 

a. Name. b. Location. c. Structure, d. Func- 
tions. 

5. Iris. ) 

6. Pupil. >• Locate and describe each. 

7. Ciliary Processes, j 

8. Aqueous Humor. 

a. Location, b. Shape, c. Nature. d. Effect of 
shape. 

9. Crystalline Lens. 

a. Location, b. Nature, c. Shape, d. Functions. 

30. Vitreous Humor. 

a. Location, b. Nature, c. Shape, d. Functions. 

3 1 . How objects are seen. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 53 

a. Why seen erect, b. Explain by illustration, 

12. Spherical aberration. 

a. Its cause, b. Its effect, c. How remedied, 

13. Short sightedness. 

a. Its cause, b. Its cure. 

14. Long sightedness, 

a. Its cause. 

15. Size and distance of objects. 

a. How determined, b. Effect of transparency of 
air. 

16. Double vision. 

a. How caused, b. Advantage of two eyes, c. In- 
fluence of two eyes on vision. 



NERVOUS FUNCTIONS. 

Spinal Cord Analyzed. 

1. Grey matter {a. Ratio, 

2. White matter. \ b. Location. 

3. Communication of spinal nerves explained. 

4. Functions of spinal cord. 
Motions. 

1. Voluntary, (a. Definitions, 

2. Involutary. \ b. Causes. 

3. Reflex. ((T. Examples. 



MENTAL FUNCTIONS. 

Thought. 

1. Dependent on what. 

2. How shown. 

3. Measured by ; how shown. 

4. Origin of; how proven. 

5. Difference between voluntary and involuntary thought 

explained. 



54 PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE, 

6. Thought modified by training, examples. 

7. Man compared with the lower animals in regard to 

thought. 



SLEEP. 

1. Effect on the Senses. Examples. 

2. Effect on Nervous Euncttons. Examples, 

3. Effect on Mental Euncttons, Examples. 

4. Effect on Brain, Examples. 

5 . What amount necessary. 

6. Difference between coma and sleep. 



PART IL— HYGIENE. 



1. Hygiene defined and compared with Physiology. 

2. Health and disease defined and compared. 

3 . Influence of Hygiene on duration of life. 

4. Water. 

I. Sources of impurity. 2. How purified. 3. Proper 
temperature of drinks. 

5. Drinks. 

1. Tea. ^ a. Effect on the system. 

2. Coffee. i b. Uses. 

3. Chocolate. | c. Abuses. 

4. Fermented drinks. J 



CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD. 

I. Animal. \a. Definitions. 

-..\b. 



2. Vegetable. 3 b. Examples. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 55 

FOOD DIVIDED INTO GROUPS. 

I . Flesh Forming. 



a. Chemical properties, 

b. Where found. 

c. Uses. 



1. Gluten. 

2. Fibrine. 

3. Caseine. 

4. Albumen. 

5. Gelatine. 
2. Starchy Group. \ 

->. Fatty " [a. Where found. 

4. Metallic " \ b. Composition. 
^. Acid '' ] c. Uses. 



KINDS OF FOOD — THEIR VALUE. 

1. Milk. 

I. Its composition. ,2. Its effect on the system. 3. Its 

effect — how modified. 

2. Cheese. 

I. How produced. 2. Value as food. 3, Quantity to be 

eaten. 

3. Butter. 

I. Belongs to which group. 2. Value as food. 

4. Eggs. 

I. Belong to which group. 2. Value as food. 3. Man« 

ner of cooking. 

5. Animal Flesh. 

I. Different kinds. 2. Value of each as food. 3. Manner 
of cooking. 



56 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 



7. 
8. 

9- 
10. 
II. 

12. 

14. 
16. 

17- 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 



Wholesome Meat. 

I. How distinguished. 
Wheat. 
Rye, 
Corn. 
Barley 
Oats. 

Beans. a. 

Peas. b. 

Rice. \ c. 

Potatoes. ' d. 
Turnips. <?, 
Beets. 
Onions. 
Cabbage. 
Fruits. 
Salt. 
Vinegar. 



2. Wiiy necessary. 



Belongs to which group. 
Chemical propertiess. 
Dietetic value. 
Manner of cooking. 

What precautions necessary in the use of sea- 
soning. 



QUANTITY OF FOOD. 


IIo7v Modified by Digestion. 


Things that Affect Digestion. 


I. Tobacco. 




2. Temperature. 




3. Exercise. 


a. What effect on digestion. 


4. Ventilation. 


> b. How should they be taken 


5. Change of habits. 


c. Examples. 


6. Mental labor. 




7. Alcohol. 





TIME OF TAKING FOOD. . 

1. Intervals. 

I. How long. 2. Importance of regularity. 

2. Breakfast. '\ ^ ^j^^^^ 

3. Dinner. \ ^ j.-^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ 

4. Supper. ) 

5 . Eating between Meals. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 57 

I. Effect of. 2. Why injurious. 

6. Manner of Eating. 

I. Fast or slow, and why. 2. Proper temperature of food. 
3. Importance of thorough mastication. 

7. Effect of Eating when Fatigued. 

8. Rest following Meals. 

I. How much. 2. Why. 

9. Quantity of Food. 

I. How measured. 2. Effect of eating too much. 



CIRCULATION, 

Pressure on the Veins. 

I. How injurious. 2. How are the veins frequently Dress- 
ed. 
Change of Temperature. 

I. Effect on circulation. 2. Cause and examples. 
Influence of Mind on Circulation. 

I. What influence. 2. Examples. 
Bleeding from Arteries. 

I. How checked. 2, How distinguished from bleeding 
from veins. 



BREATHING. 

1. Movements of the Ribs in Breathing. 

I. What movement. 2. How hindered. 3. Effect of com- 
pression. 4. When is compression of the ribs most 
injurious, and why. 

2. Imperfect Breathing. 

I. How detected. 2. Its effect. 3. How corrected. 



58 PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

PURE AIR. 

1. Composition of Air. 

I. Elements. 2. Ratio of elements. 3. Functions of 
each element. 

2. Impure Air. 

I. Source. 2. Effect. 3. How corrected. 

3. Mea7is of Purifying Air. 

I. Natural. 2. Artificial. 

4. Diminution of Oxygen by Breathing. 

I. How much. 2. Explain the process. 



ANIMAL HEAT. 

Te^nperature of the Body. 
I. How influenced by age. 2. Climatic influence. 3, 
How uniform temperature is maintained. 4. Effect 
of overheated rooms. 5. Proper temperature of rooms. 
6. Means of reducing heat. 7. Effects of exposure 
to currents of air. 8. Importance of moisture. 
Bathing. 
I. Why necessary. 2. How to bathe. 3. Caution in bath- 
ing. 4. Kinds of baths described. 
Clothing. 
I. Its relation to health, 2. Quantity needed. 3. Vari- 
eties of clothing compared. 3. Effects of compress- 
ing the body by clothing. Examples. 



BONE. 

1 . Bone Nutrition. 

T. What food necessary for formation and repair of bone. 
2. Effect of an over-supply of bone-earth. 

2. Distortion! of Bone, 

I. How produced. Examples. 2. Effect of stooping. 

3. Deformed Feet. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 59 



I. How produced. 2. Effects. 
Spinal Curvature. 

I. Cause. 2. Remedy. 
Effect of Exercise on Bones. 

I. Too much. 2. Not enough. 



EXERCISE. 

1. Effect of Muscular Motion. 

2. Ki7ids of Air best for Exercise. Why, 

3. Sunlight and Shadow. 

I. Their relation to good health. Examples. 

4. Amou7it required. 

I. What amount. 2. How increased. 3. Eff"ect of increas- 
ing the amount too rapidly. 

5. Relation of Mei^tal and Physical Exercise. 

6. Rules for taking Exercise. 

7. Games. 

I. What kind beneficial. Why. 

8. Manual Labor. 

I. Healthful. 2. Injurious. 
Q. Best Time for Study. 



ERAIN POISONS. 

Alcohol. 

1. Its chemical relation. 

a. Digestion. 

b. Chemical change. 
(T. Muscular force. 

d. Animal heat. 

e. Nervous system. 

2. Its eff'ect on \ f Vision. 
g. Smell. 
h. Hearing. 
i. Taste. 
J. Mind. 

k. Duration of Life. 



5o PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE, 

2. Tobacco. 

I. Effects compared with those of alcohol. 2. Chemical 
properties compared with those of alcohol. 

3. Opium. 

I. Compared with alcohol. 2. Compared with tobacco. 



SLEEP. 

1. Its necessity. 

2. Its effect. 

3. Amount required. 

4. Best time for sleep. 

5. Effect of producing sleep by medicine. 



WAKEFULNESS. 



1 . Its cause. 

2. Its effect. 

3. Its remedy. 



INJURIES FROM ACCIDENT. 



1. Bleeding from wounds. ") tt . 1 

2. Bruises tnd burns. How treated. 



ACUTE DISEASES. 

1. Symptoms of their approach. 

2. Kinds of treatment needed. 



MEDICINES. 

1. Their uses. 

2. Their abuses. 



ARITHMETIC. Ql 



ARITHMETIC. 

DEFINITIONS. 

I. De/ne atid give Example of Each : 

I. A unit. 2. A number. 3. An integer. 4. A concrete 
number. 5. An abstract number. 6. An odd num- 
ber. 7. An even number. 8. L'ike numbers. 9. 
Unlike numbers. 10. Unit of a number. 11. A 
scale. 12. Uniform scale. 13. Varying scale. 14. 
Decimal scale. 15. Notation. 16. Numeratfon. 



ADDITION. 

1. Define and Illustrate, 

I. Addition. 2. Sum or amount. 3. Sign of addition. 
4. Sign of equality. 

2. Rules. 

I. For writing numbers to add. 2. For adding, when sum 

of each column is less than 10. 3. When sum of any 

column is 10 or more. 4. For proof. 

Note to Teacher. — The teacher should now drill the class in mental and 
written work until each pupil can write and add any numbers accurately and 
rapidly. 



SUBTRACTION. 

1. Define and Illustrate. 

I. Subtraction. 2, Minuend. 3. Subtrahend. 4. Dif- 
ference. 

2. Principles. 

I. In regard to subtracting like and unlike numbers. 2. 
Minuend equals what. 



62 ARITHMETIC. 

3. Rules. 

I. For writing numbers for subtraction. 2. For subtract- 
ing when all figures in minuend exceed correspond- 
ing figures in subtrahend. 3. For subtracting when 
a figure in minuend is smaller than corresponding 
figure in subtrahend. 4. For proof of work. 
Note to Teacher. — The teacher should now drill the class in mental and 
written work until each pupil can write and subtract any numbers accurately 
and rapidly. 



MULTIPLICATION. 

1. Define and Illustrate. 

I. Multiplication. 2. Multiplicand. 3. Multiplier. 4. 
Product. 5. Sign of Multiplication. 6. Factors. 
7. Prime numbers. 8. Composite numbers. 

2. Principles. 

I. For writing the numbers. 2. When multiplier is 10, 100, 
1000, etc. 3. When multiplier is an abstract number. 
4. Product to be like the multiplicand. 

3. Rules. 

I. For writing the numbers. 2. For multiplying by units. 
3. For multiplying by higher order than units. 4. 
For proof by subtraction. 

4. Rules for Short Methods. 

I. When multiplier is composite number. 2. When either 
term has ciphers at the right. 3. When part of the 
multiplier is repeated. 4. When either term is a 
number of 9's. 

Note to Teacher. — The teacher should now drill the class in mental and 
written work until each pupil can write and multiply any numbers accurately 
and rapidly. 



DIVISION. 

I. Define and Illustrate. 



ARITHMETIC. ^3 

I Division. 2. Dividend. 3- Divisor. 4. Quotient. 
5. Remainder. 6. Sign of division. 7. Relation 
of division to subtraction. 

2. Principles. t> i ^- f 

I, Relation of division to multiplication. 2. Relation ot 
division to subtraction. 3- Denomination of the 
quotient. 4. Denomination of the remainder. 5. 
Effect of multiplying or dividing both dividend and 
divisor by the same number. 

3. Rules. J. • • 

I For writing the numbers. 2. For short division. 3. 
For long division. 4. For proof. 5- For dividing 
by factors. 6. When divisor is 10, 100, 1000, etc. 
7. When divisor ends with one or more ciphers. 8. 
When divisor is a convenient part of 10, 100, 1000, 

etc. 
Note to TEACHER.-The teacher should now drill the class in mental and 
wrU°en work unu'l each pupil can write and divide any numbers accurately and 
rapidly. 

FACTORING. 

1. Definitions. 

. I. Factor. 2. Prime factor. 3. Common factors of two 

or more numbers. 

2. Rules. . 

I. To resolve a composite number into its prime factors. 
2. To find the common factors of two or more num- 
bers. 

3. Drill thoroughly by examples both mental and written. 



CANCELLATION. 

Define Cancellation. 
When is Cancellation used. 
Drill thoroughly by examples both mental and written. 



64 ARITHMETIC. 

DIVISORS. 

1. Definitions. 

I. Divisor. 2. Common divisor. 3. Greatest common 
divisor. 

2. Rules. 

I. By factoring. 2. By division. 

3. Illustrate by examples both mental and written. 



MULTIPLES. 

3. Definitions. 

I. Multiple, 2. Common multiple. 3. Least common 
multiple. 

2. Rules. 

I. By factoring. 2. By division. 

3. Illustrate by Examples both Metital and Written. 



FRACTlbNS. 

1. A Fraction. 

I. Definition. 2. Use. 3. How expressed. 4. Illus- 
trate by examples. 

^ I. Definition. 

2. Numerator. 1 2. Why so called. 

3. Denominator, f 3. Denotes what. 

J 4. Examples. 

4. Proper Fractions. 



5. Inproper Fractiofis. 

6. Simple Fractions. 

7. Compound Fractions. 

8. Complex Fractions. 

9 . Decifnal Fractions. 
10. Mixed Numbers. 



I. Definition. 
^ 2. Why so called, 
3. Examples. 



ARITHMETIC. 



65 



REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS. 



Principles. 

Analysis. 

Rules. 

Menial Examples. 

Written Examples 



6. 



Whole or mixed numbers reduced 
to simple fractions. 

Improper fractions reduced to mix- 
ed numbers. 

Simple fractions reduced to higher 
terms. 

Simple fractions reduced to lowei 
or lowest terms. 

Fractions reduced to common de- 
nominator. 

Compound fractions reduced to 
simple ones. 



ADDITION OF FRACTIONS. 

In regard to Eenominator. 
3 . For adding simple fractions. 

2. For adding compound fractions. 

3. For adding mixed numbers. 
Mental Examples. 

Written Examples. 



Ppinciplci 

Analysis. 
Rules. 



SUBTRACTION OF FKACTJONS. 

In regard to De nam in at or. 

r 1, For subtracting simple fractions. 

X 2. For subtracting compound fractions. 

(^ 3. For subtracting mixed numbers. 
Mental Examples. 
Written Examples. 



Principles. 

Analysis. 
Rules. 



MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS. 



I. 



Principles. 

Analysis. 

Rules. 

Mental Examples. 

Written Examples. 



Fraction X an integer. 
Integer X a fraction. 
Fraction X a fraction, 
nteger X mixed number. 
Mixed number X a fraction. 



6 




ARITHMETIC. 




DIVISION OF FRACTIONS. 


I. 

.2. 

3' 


Principles. 
Analysis ^ 
Rules. 


' I . Fraction -^ an integer. 

2. Integer -^ a fraction, 

3. Fraction -^ a fraction. 


.4. 

5' 


Mental Examples. 
Written Exa?nples. 


4. Mixed number -^ a fraction. 

5. Fraction -^ a raiKed number 



COMPLEX FRACTIONS. 

T. Definition, 

2. How Expressed. 

3. How Changed to Simple Forms. 

4. How Changed to Simple Fractions. 

5. How Changed to Fractions having any given Denominator, 

6. Mental Examples. 

7. IVntten Examples, 



DECIMAL FRACTIONS. 

Decimals. 
I. Derivation of the word. 2, Definition of ''Decimal 
Fractions," 3. Why applied to this class of fractions. 
7'hree Ways of Expressing Decimals, 
I. Bywords. Give examples. 2. By numerator and de- 
nominator. Give examples. 3, By use of ''• Deci- 
mal Point." Examples. 
Value of Decimal Figures . 
I. How increased. Examples. 2. How diminished. Ex- 
amples. 3. How determined. Examples. 4. Start- 
ing point in notation and numeration. Examples. 



ARITHMETIC. 



67 



REDUCTION OF DECIMALS. 



1. Principles, 

2. Analysis » 

3. Rules. 

4. Mental Examples. 

5 . Written Examples. 



Decimals reduced to a lower or high- 
er order. 

Decimals reduced to common frac- 
tions. 

Common fractions reduced to deci- 
mals. 



1. Principle. 

2. Analysis. 
3 Rules. 

4. Mental Examples. , 

5. Written Examples. J 



ADDITION OF DECIMALS. 

For number of Deciiials placed in the Sum. 



1. For writing the numbers. 

2. For adding the numbers. 

3. For pointing the decimals. 



I. Principle. 



Analysis 
Rules, 



SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS. 

For number of Decimals in Remainder. 

1. For writing the numbers. 

2. For subtracting the numbers. 



(^ 3. For pointing decimals. 
Mental Exa?nples. 
Written Examples 



MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS. 

For number of Decimals in the Pi'oduct, 

1. For writing the numbers. 

2. For multiplying the numbers. 

3. For pointing the decimals. 
Mental Examples. 

Written Examples. 



Principle. 

Analysis. 
Rules. 



DIVISION OF DECIMALS. 

Principle. For number of Decimals in Quotient, 



68 



ARITHMETIC. 



Analysis. 
Rules. 



r I. For writing the numbers. 
\ 2. For dividing the numbers. 
( 3. For pointing the decimals. 



Mental Examples. 
Written Examples. 



COMPOUND DENOMINATE NUMBERS. 



1. Definitio7is. 

2. When Used. 

3. Examples, 



I. Denominate number. 2. Simple num- 
ber. 3. Compound denominate numbers. 
4. Scale. 5. Standard. 6. Space. 7. 
Solid. 8. Surface. 9. A line. 10. A 
^ pendulum. 



THE MEASURE OF LENGTH. 



1 . Long Measure. 

2. Surveyor s Measure. 

3. Mariner's Measure. 



Its use. 2. Standard unit. 3. 
Table. 4. Origin. 5. Examples 
( illustrating each. 



U, 





THE MEASURE OF AREA. 


I. 


Definitofis. 






I. An angle. 








2. A vertex. 








3. A plane surface. 


I. 


Define. 




4. A plane figure. 


> 2, 


When used. 




5. A square. 


3- 


Illustrate by examples. 




6. Area. 








7. A parallelogram. ^ 










I. 


Its use. 


2. 

3- 


Square Measure, 
Surveyor' s Measure. 


2. 
3- 

. 5- 


Standard unit. 
Origin of table. 

I^^l^- , ( Mental. 
Examples. | Written 



ARITHMEIIC. 



69 



THE MEASURE OF VOLUME. 



1. Cubic Measure. 

2. Liquid Measure. 

3. Apothecaries'' Fluid Measure. 

4. Dry Measure. 



Its use. 

Standard unit. 

Table. 

Origin of the table. 

Examples. {-MentaK 



TABLE OF WEIGHT. 



1. Troy Weight. 

2. Apothecaries'* Weight. 

3. Avoirdupois Weight. 



Its use. 

Standard unit. 
Tables. 
Origin of tables. 

a. Mental. 

b. Written. 



5. Examples. 



MISCELLANEOUS MEASURES. 

1. Measure of Time. 

I. Definition of ''Time." 2. Table. 3. Origin of terms 
used. 4. How centuries are counted. 5. Leap year 
explained. 6. Mental examples. 7. Written exam- 
ples. 

2. Circular Measure. 

I. Circle defined and illustrated. 2. Circumference defin- 
ed and illustrated. 3. Arc defined and illustrated. 4. 
Quadrant defined and illustrated. 5. Radius defined 
and illustrated. 6. Diameter defined and illustrated. 
7. Use of circular measure. 8. Standard unit. 9. 
Table. 10. Examples; a. Mental, b. Written. 

3. Measure of Money. 

I. Money, coin, ingot, bullion, paper money, treasury 
notes, bank notes and nickle, defined and explained. 



70 



ARITHMETIC. 



2. U. S. Money. 

I. Use. 2. Standard unit, 
pies : Mental. Written. 

3. English money. 



3. Tables. 4. Exam- 



1 . Reduction Ascending, 

2. Reduction Descending. 



-3.. Reduction of C » ,. f i, 

^ r^ .-^^11. Ascending. ) 

iJenomtnate < ^ ..^ \ 

NumbersX'- Descending. | 

4. Addition of Compound Numbers. 

5. Subtractian of Compound Numbers. 

6. Multiplication of Compound Nwnbers. 

7. Division of Compound Numbers. 

8. Addition of Denominate Numbers. 

9. Subtraction of Denominate Numbers. 



REDUCTION. 

I. Definition. 2. Uses. 3. Rules. 
Mental and written examples un- 
der each table of compound num- 
bers worked and analyzed. 

Rules. 2. Mental and 
written examples work- 
ed and analyzed. 



I. 



2. 



Mental and writ- 
ten examples 
under each rule 
worked and an- 
alyzed. 

Rules. 



LONGITUDE AND TIME. 



1. Difference in Time. 

2. Difference in Longitude. 



2. 



4. 



Explain the cause. 

Table. 

Mental and written examples 

worked and analyzed. 
Rules. 



PERCENTAGE. 

1. Percent. 

I. Origin of the word. 2. Definition. 3. Sign, 

2. Rate Per cent. 

I. Definition. 2. Meaning of ''Rate.'* 







ARITHMETIC. 




3. Three ways of expressing. 


3- 


Base. 


1 ' ■■ 


4- 


Percentage. 




5- 


Amount. 


I. Definition. 


6. 


Difference. 


^ 2. Illustrate by examples. 


7- 


Rate of Base. 


^ 3. Abbreviations. 


8. 


Rate of Percentage. 


4. Relation oi each to the base. 


9- 


Rate of Ainoitnt. 




o. 


Rate of Difference . ^ 





7J 



APPLICATIONS OF PERCENTAGE. 



1. B. and R. given to find P. 

2. B. and P. given to find R. 

3. R. and P. given to find B. 

4. A. and R. given to find B. 

5. D. and R. given to find B. 

6. Profit and Loss. 

1. Cost price. " 

2. Selling price. \ 

3. Gain or loss. 

7. Commission. 



1.. Mental problems worked 
and analyzed. 2. Rules 
made. 3, Written prob- 
lems worked both anlyti- 
cally and practically. 



Definition. b. Illustrate by exam> 
pies. c. Mental problems, d. Writ- 
ten problems. 



1. 


Agent. 


I. 


Definition. 


2. 


Factor or broker. 


2. 


Illustrate by examples. 


3- 


Commission. 


3- 


Principle — Upon what is an 


A- 


Consignment. 




agent entitled to commission ? 


5- 


Consignor. 


' 4. 


Mental problems. 


6. 


Consignee. 


5- 


Written problems. 


7- 


Base of Commission. 


6. 


Rule for Case I. 


8. 


Net proceeds. 


7- 


Rule for Case II. 



7* 



x\RI rHMETIC, 



3, Stocks. 



I. 

2. 

3- 
4. 

5- 
6 

7- 
8. 
9. 

10. 

II. 

12. 

13 

14 

15 

16. 

17- 
18. 
19 



Company, 

Partnership, 

Corporation, 

Firm. 

Charter. 

Capital, 

Stock. 

Shares, 

Certificate of stock. 

Par value. 

Dividend. 

Market value,. 

Premium. 

Discount. 

Installment. 

Assessment. 

Gros;s earnings, 

Net earnings,. 

Surplus. 



1. Definition. 

2. Illustrated b/ examples. 
I' 3, Mental problems. 

4. Written problems. 



20. Base of percentage. 



9. Insurance. 



Fire, 
Marine. 
Hull. 
Cargo. 



Life. 



Policy, b. Insurer. c. 
Underwriter, d. Policy 
Holder, e. Premium. 
f. Insurance Company. 

Continued Premium Pol- 
icy, b. Single Payment 
Policy, c. iLndowment 
Policy. d. Table of 
Mortality, e. Ratio of 
Insurance. /. Profits 
of Insurance. 



Definition 
Olust. by 

examples. 
Written 

Problems.. 
Rules. 





ARITHMETIC 


o. Revenue. 




I. 


Revenue. ^ 




2. 


Direct Tax. 




3- 


Indirect Tax. 




4. 


Poll Tax. 




5- 


Property Tax. 




6. 


Income Tax. 




7- 


Excise Tax. 




8. 


Real Estate. 




9- 


Personal Property. 




10. 


Assessor. 




II. 


Collector. 


I. Definition. 


12. 


Assessment. 


2, Illustrate by Examples 


^3- 


Specific Duty. 


3. Written Problems. 


14. 


Ad Valorum Duty. 


4. Rules, 


^5- 


Port of Entry. 




16. 


Draft. 




17. 


Tare. 




i8. 


Leakage. 




19. 


Breakage. 




20. 


Gross Weight. 




21. 


Net Weight. 




22. 


Invoice. 




23- 


Appraiser. 




24. 


Tariff. 





73 



INTEREST. 

Uejimtwns. 
I. Simple interest. 2. Annual interest. 3. Compound in- 
terest, 4. Principal. 5. Rate per cent. 6. Amount. 
Legal Rate. 
I. When mentioned in the note. 2. When not mentioned 
in the note. 
Problems. 
I. Make and explain the six per cent rule. 2. Mental prob- 
lems under six per cent rule. 3. Written problems un- 
der six per cent rule. 4. Rule for any per cent. 



74 



ARITHMETIC. 



5- 
6. 

7- 
8. 

9- 
lo. 



P. R. and T. given to find I. 
P. R. and T. given to find A. 
I. R. and T. given to find P. 
I. P. and R. given to find T. 
I. P. and T. given to find R. | 
A. T. and R. given to find P. J 



1. Mental problems. 

2. Written problems. 
;>3. Principles involved. 
I 4. Rules made and ana- 
lyzed. 



4. Promissory Notes. 

I. Definition. 2. Uses. 3. Form. 4. Essential proper- 
ties. 5. When due. 6. To whom payable. 7. When 
invalid. 8. Joint or several. 9. Payable in what. 10. 
When payable. 11. When to draw interest. 12. Payer. 
13. Payee. 14. Indorser. 15. General indorsement. 
16. Special indorsement. 17. Effect of indorsement. 
18. Partial payments. 19. Rule for computing. 20. 
Rule when a payment is less than the amount of in- 
terest then due. 21. Written problems. 22. Write 
notes with indorsed payments and compute them. 



DISCOUNT. 



I. 



Definitions. 
I. Discount. 

bank. 5. Bank note, 
grace. 8. Maturity. 

r I- 

True Discount. \ 2. 

Bank Discount. \ 3. 



Face of note. 3. Present worth. 4. A 
6. Bankable note. 7. Days of 
9. Proceeds. 10. Protest, 
Principles involved. 
Mental problems. 
Rules. 



4. Written problems. 



EXCHANGE. 

I. Defitiitions. 

I. Bill of exchange. 2. Drawer. 
5. Buyer. 6. Domestic bill, 
draft. 9. Payable at sight 
Bonds. 12. Government 
14. At discount. - 



3. Drawee. 4. Payee. 

7. Foreign bill. 8. A 

10. A time bill. 11. 

bonds. 13. At premium. 



ARITHMETIC. 75 

2. Examples. 

I. Mental problems. 2. Principle involved. 3. Rule for 
sight draft. 4. Rule for time draft with interest. 5. 
5. Written problems. 



EQUATION OF PAYMENTS. 

1. Definitions, 

I. Equation of payments. 2. Equated time, 

2. Principles involved. 

3. Measure of the use of money. 2. How offset a payment 
made before due. 

3. Me?2tal Problems. 

4. Rule. 

5. Written Problems, 



RATIO. 

1. Defifiitions. 

I. Ratio. 2. Proportion. 3. Antecedent. 4. Conse^ 
quent. 5. Couplet. 6. Number. 7. Simple ratio. 
8. Compound ratio. 9. Inverse ratio. 

2. Principles. 

I. Value of a ratio. 2. Expressing a ratio. 

3. Examples. 

I. Mental problems worked and analyzed. 2. Written 
problems worked. 



PROPORTION. 

I. Definitions, 

3. Simple proportion. 2. Compound proportion. 3. Ex- 
tremes. 4. Means. 



]6 ARITHMETIC. 

2. Principles Involved. 

3. Mental Problems Worked and Analyzed. 

4. Rules. 

I. For stating the proportion. 2. For working the prob- 
lems. 

5 . W^ritten Examples in Simple Proportion. 

6. Examples in Cotnpound Proportion Separated into Simple Pro- 

portion ex amples . 

7 . Written Examples in Compound Proportion , 

1. Definitions. 

I, Simple partnership. 2. Partnership with time, 3. 
Company. 4. Partners. 5. Capital. 6. Joint stock. 
7. Stock in trade. 8. Silent partners. 

2 . Principles Involved. 

3. Mental Examples Worked. 

4. Rules. 

I. For working without time, 2. For working with time. 

5. Written Examples. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 



PART I. 



THE EARTH JN GENERAL. 



I. Geography. 

a. Derivation. 

b. Definition. 

II. The Universe. 



(3. 



III. Heavenly Bodies Grouped. J 



I 



Mathematical. 

Physical. 

Political. 

Meaning of term. 

Laplace's Nebular Hypothesis. 

Extent of our knowledge of it. 

, a. Sun 
Solar System, 



2. Fixed Stars. 



\i 



b. Planets. 

c. Comets. 
Distance. 
Nature. 



IV. Nebulae. — Appearance — Number. 

I. Extent of Solar System. 

V. Magnitude of Heavens, \ 2. Distance of Fixed Stars. 

3. Distance of Visible Stars. 



VI . Insignificance of the 
Earth. 



1. The Earth in the Solar System. 

2. Solar System in Sun Group. 

3. Sun Group in the Heavens. 

4. Star Clusters in Firmament. 



VII. ^Solar System — -< 
Extent. 



Sun. 

Primary Planets — Number. 

Satellites, Number and Relation 

Primaries. 
Asteroids, Number and Size, 
Grouping of Planets. 
Comets. Nature — Size. 



to 



73 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 



VIII. Primary Plan- 
ets. 



IX. 



Movements 
■Theory of in 
Reference to 
Cause.. 



Is. 



(I. 

(3. 



1. Position. 

2. Comparative. 

3. Satellites. 
Rotary Motion. 

a. Direction. 

b. Comparative Time. ( 



Size. 

Density. 

Distances. 

r Four proofs of 

■<; the earth's 

Rotation. 



2. Revolution around the Sun. 



( Planets,. 

\ Asteroids. 
( Satellites. 



a. Direction. 

b. Comparative Time. 

c. Revolution of Comets Described in 

General, 

d. Two positive proofs of the Earth's 

Revolution. 
Planetary Motion. 

a. Variation in Revolution. 

b. Variation in Rotation. 

c. Comparative time of Revolution. 
Rotation on axis. 

a. Position. 

b. Effects of Inclination. 

c. Degree of Inclination. 

d. Compare the planets in respect to 

the above. 
Orbits Compared — Definition. 



X. 



Siderial and Tropical years. 
I, D^finition^ — Difference. 

How produced. 



XI. Form of the 
Earth, 



XII. 



Volume of 
Globe. 



I. 

2. Four proofs of its Rotundity. 

3. Two proofs that it is an oblate spheroid. 

4. Proves what. 

1. Equatorial, Polar, and Mean Diameter. 

2. Equatorial Circumference. 

3. Solid Contents. 

4. Extent of Surface. 

5. Specific Gravity, 





PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 79 




r 


{ a. Great Circles. 




r. Circles of Position 


j I . Equator. 
^ 2. Meridians. 
h. Parallels. 








. 


' I. Parallels. 






a. Tropics — Po- 


XIII. Circles — 




sition due to 


Definition. 


2. Climatic circles. 


what. 




a. Mark what. ^ 

b. Number and ' 


b. Polar Circles. 




Relation to 




width. 


Tropics. 
2 . Ecliptic — m arks 
what. Relation to 
Tropics and Equator. 


XIV. Measurement of Surface . 




I Number of degrees. 
I. Latitude. \ Number of parallels 




." 


( Length — Exception 




Number of Degrees. 

T .^ , Number of Meridians. 
2. Longitude, % ^r • .• • ^ .1. 
° ' Variation m length. 


(^ Prime Meridians. 




X^^ Horizon — Cardinal Points Named. 





PART II. 



THE LAND. 



I. The Earth. 



Original state — Proof. 
Thickness of Earth's 

Crust. 
Central ma=s. 

a. Condition. 



b. Evidences of the \ 
same. 



Volcanoes. 

Earthquakes. 

Geysers, hot 
springs, etc. 

Elevation or sink- 
ing of Earth's 
Crust. 



go PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 

J I. Substance. 

1. Elements forming the Earth. 

a. Number, b. Principal c.cs. 

2. Elements forming Crust of the Earth, 

a. Number, b. Principal ones. 

III. Rocks. — Distribution. 

1. Origin of Rocks. 

a. Igneous Rocks. b. Aqueous Rocks, c. Metamor- 
phic Rocks. 

2. Classification according to condition. 

a. Stratified Rocks — Aqueous. 

b. Unstratified Rocks — Igneous. 

I. Plutonic. 2. Trap. 3. Volcanic, 4. Meta- 
morphic. 

3. Classification in general. 

a. Fossiliferous Rocks, b. Non-Fossiliferous Rocks, 

IV. Geological Time. 

1. Azoic Time — Azoic Age. 

2. Palaeozoic Time. 

I. Age of Mollusks. 2. Age of Fishes. 3. Car- 
boniferous Age, 

3. Mesozoic Time — Age of Reptiles. 

4. Cenozoic Time — Age of Mammals. 

5. Present Time— Age of Man. 

Trace transitions and general development in animal 
and vegetable forms. 

V. Changes taking place. 

1. By Atmospheric movements. 

2. By Frost. 

3. By Rivers. 

4. By Ocean Currents. 

5. By Ocean Waves. 

6. By Interior Heat. 

7. By Agency of Man. 



Examples. 
Important changes. 
Ultimate effect. 
Permanent effect. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. S» 

VI. Exte?it a7id Distribution of Land. 

1. Continents. 

a. Division of Earth into hemispheres, 

b. Division of Earth into continents. 

c. Proportion of land and water. 

d. Describe form and distribution of each^ 

2. Islands. 

f I. American Chain. 

^ r^^„.- ^„.^i ,' 2. Asiatic Chain. 

a. Contmental. <. a .. t r-u • 

'i 3. Australian Chain. 

(^ 4. British Isles. 

1. Polynesian Group. 

2. Sandwich Island Group, 

3. Volcanic Islands. 

b. Oceanic. -{ 4. Coral Islands. 

5. Fringing Reefs, 

6. Barrier Reefs. 

7. Encircling Reefs. 

VII. Continents. 

1. Contrasts. 

a. Northern and Southern worlds. 

1. Arrangement of continents. 

2. Position of Northern and Southern Groups. 

b. Eastern and Western worlds. 

1. Relative position of pairs. 

2. Relative extent of Old and New worlds. 

3. Relative areas. 

4. Absolute areas in square miles. 

c. Continental and oceanic worlds. 

1. Contrasts in each. 

2. Relative amount of land in each hemisphere. 

2. Outlines. 

a. General figure of continents. 

1. Fundamental forms of great masses. 

2. Figure of Australia. 

3. Direction of the greatest elongation. 



S2 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 

4. Compare all the continents. 
Continental Outlines. 

1. Influence on extent of coast, 

2. Influence on climate. 

3. Influence on society development, 

4. Importance of irregularities. 
Amount of indentation of continents. 

1. Comparison of coast lines. 

2. Amount of coast line to each square mile of 

area. 



RELIEF FORMS. 

VIII. Mounfains, 
I. Appearance, 
-2. Mountain Chains. 

<z. Form and structure, b. Crests and passes. 
3. -Mountain systems. 

a. Consist of what. b. Breadth, slope, and direction. 
-4. Formation of Mountains. 

<a. Upheaval produced how. 
3. Mountains formed by folding, 

<i. Character, crest, gaps — examples. 
'€. Mountains formed by fracture. 

'a^ Ranges and crests — examples, 
7. Utility of mountains. 
S, Effect on civilization. 
SX. PlMeatis — Above what. 

3:. Situation of Plateaus described — Examples, 
.2. Sorface of Plateaus. 

<a. Character — Differ from plains. 
3. Elevation of Plateaus. 

<7. Plateaus of rst order. 

J}. Plateaus of 2d order. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 

c. Plateaus of 3d order. 

4. Importance of Plateaus in structure of Continents. 

5. Character of Plateaus — Soil. 

Plains, 

1. Extent of Plains. 

a. Position of great Plains. 

h. Proportion to area of Continents. 

2. Surface of Plains. 

a. Alluvial Plains.' ") -„■ c- j 

7 A/T • T31 • ( How formed. 

b. Marme Plams. /- xt ^ r m 
TT I 1 . • T31 • \ Nature of sou. 

c. Undulating Plains. ) 

3. Altitude of Plains. 

4- Area of principal Plains. 
5. Productiveness of Plains. 



83 



a. Treeless plains named how in 



b. Marine Plains. 
Plains, 



North America. 
South America. 
Eastern Europe. 
Asia. 

Western Europe. 
Undulating Plains, d. x\lluvial 



XI. Valleys. 

1. Valleys among mountain systems.") ^ . . 

2. Valleys among mountain ranges. \ ^^^^^ \ 

3. Valleys in plains. \ ^^^^^P^^- 

XII. North America — Relief forms. 
I. Rocky mountain system. 



a. Average height. 

<^. Ranges constituting it. 

2. Appalachian system. 

a. Average height. 

b. Ranges constituting it. 



1. Plateau of C, America. 

2. Plateau of Mexico. 

3. Plateau of Western U. S. 



r I. Height of land. 

' 2. Arctic Plateau. 

3. Arctic Plain. 

4. Mississippi Valley. 



84 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 



-Relief Forms. 



b. Andes of Chili, c. 
Equador and Colombia. 



Boli- 



XII I . South America- 
I. Andes System. 

■ a. Andes of Patagonia. 

via and Peru. d. 
Brazilian System. 
a. Table land of Brazil, b. Plateau of Guiana, c. 
Llanos of the Orinoco, d. Forests of the Ama- 
zon, e. Pampas of the La Plata. 
Europe — Relief Forms. 



2. 



XIV. 



1. System of Northern Europe. 

a. British Mountains. 

b. Scandinavian Mountains. 

2. Alpine System. 

a. Spanish Mountains. 

b. Italian Mountains. 

c. Sardo-Corsican Mountains. 

d. Alpine Mountains Proper. 

e. Mountains of Austria and Tur- 

key. 
/. Caucasian Mountains. 

3. System of the Urals. 



Height. 
Direction. 
Breadth. 
Principal Peaks. 
Important Passes. 
Mountain Ranges. 
Slope, 



4. Low Plains. 



1. Great Northern Plain. 

2. Great Southern Plain. 



( Width. 
j Slope. 
(^ Fertility. 



Conditions existing as in 
Relief Forms of Europe. 



XV. Asia — Relief Forms. 

1. Asia Minor System. 

2. Hindo-koosh System. 

3. Ranges in the Peninsula. 

4. Assam System. 

5. Thian-Shan System. • 

6. Altai System. 

7. Australian System. 

8. Table Lands — Character — Extent. 

a. Table land of Asia Minor and America. 

b. Table land of Arabia. 

c. Table land of Persia. 

d. Table land of Central Asia. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 85 

e. Table land of Thibet. 

f. Table land of India. 

9. Plains — Character — Extent. 

a. Steppes and plains of Siberia. 

b. Lowland of China. 

c. Low plains of Turan. 

d. Plains of Farther India 

e. Plain of Hindoostan. 
/". Syrian Plain. 

XVI. Africa — Relief Forms, 

1. Atlas system. "^ 

2. Guinea system. | 

3. Cape system. \ Conditions existing as in Relief 

4. Abyssinian system. Forms of Europe. 

5. Eastern system. J 

. p, . I The Sahara. (Character. 

6. Plams. |centralPlain.|^^^f^- 

^ Plateanc; I Abyssinian Plateau. f Height. 

■ 7- -f iateaus. | g^^^^^ African Table-land. \ Extent. 



VOLCANIC PHENOMENA. 

XVII. Volcanoes. 

1. Lineo of arrangement — Illustrate. 

2. General Distribution — where — exceptions. 

XVIII. Volcanic Zones — Number — Extent — Principal ones. 

1. Pacific Zone, 

2. Atlantic Zone. 

3. Greatest intensity of Volcanic Force. 

4. Volcanoes not in Zones. 

XIX. Volcanic Action. 

1. Nature and causes. 

2. Primary source. 

a. Upheaval of mountain chains. 



86 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 

b. Where most intense. 

c. Strata most deeply broken. 

d. Folding and breaking of earth's crust. 
XX. General Descripiion. 

1. Formation of Volcanoes. 

a. Volcanoes described. 
b» Volcanic Cones — Formation — Differences. 
[ Volcanoes of Iceland. 
^ , ] Volcanoes of Andes. 

I. ii^xampies. «^^ Volcanoes of Sandwich Islands. 
[ Vesuvius and Etna. 

2. Products of Volcanoes. 

. , J J T f Appearance. 

a. Ashes, sand, and Lava. | ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^ 

[ Zorullo. 

1 Hecla 

3. Amount of matter ejected from, j „ •'• 

[ Vesuvius. 

4. Number of Volcanoes. Height. 

[ I. Active. 
^, .r, ,. rir 1 i 2. Intermittent. 

5: Classification of Volcanoes. ^ ^ Semi-Extinct. 

1^ 4. Extinct. 
a. Locate and name principal ones of each class 
6. History of several noted Volcanoes. 



SUBORDINATE VOLCANIC PHENOMENA. 

XXI. First Class. 

'• ^PTIt\ 1 Define in full 

'• :^udVo canoes, ^ character. 

3. Fields of Fire. \ ^ ^j^^^ 

4. Solfataras. j ■' 

XXII. Second Class — Earthquakes. 

r Undulatory. '\ 
I. Kinds of motion. \ Vertical. > Character of move- 
( Rotary. J ment. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, S^ 

a. Velocity, b. Intensity, c. Sounds. </. Effects^ 

2. Duration of Earthquakes — Examples. 

3. Distribution of Earthquakes. 

a. Earthquake areas 

b. Connection between them and volcanoes». 

4. Theory of Earthquakes. 

5. History of noted ones. 

XXIII. Third Class — Caverns and Arches defined, 
I. A^olcanic Caves. 

Where found. 



2. Limestone Caves. 



7.. Zoolitic Caverns. . ^, ^ , r 

'^ r^ n > Character and formation.. 

4. Gas Caverns. -d • .. 3 -i ^ 

5. Mammoth Cave. | P™'">nent ones described. 

6. Natural Arches. j 



MINERAL PRODUCTIONS. 

XXIV. Minerals. 

[ Granite. 1 

-r, .,j. ^ . -s J Sandstone. { I^-istributioD. 

1. Buiidintr materials. ■{ f^ ^ ^ )■ r\ 4.-»- 

^ j Calcareous rocks, f Quantities. 

I Slate. j 

2. Precious stones — Distribution — Comparative values. 

a. Diamonds — Rubies — Sapphires — Emeralds — Opaljr 
— Garnets — Amethysts — Agates. 

3. Metals — Localities found — Comparative values — Qiuau- 

titles found in — Specific gravity of principal ones. 

a. Gold — Silver — Platinum — Iron — Copper — Tin- 
Lead — Mercury — Zinc — Nickel — Antimon y—Bis- 
muth — Manganese — Arsenic. 

4. Coal — Distribution — Theory of Formation. 

a» Anthiacite. b. Bituminous. 

5. Rock Salt and Sulphur — Distribution. 



SS PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 



PART III.— THE WATER. 
SECTION I. 

CONTINENTAL WATERS. 

L Waier. 

a. Composition, b. Properties. 

%. Maximum density. 

2. Effect of above on freezing. 

3. Specific Heat. 

4. Heat absorbed or emitted during change of 

state. 

5. Solvent power. 

6. Main food of Plants and Animals. 

11. Springs. 

3. Classification in respect to form. 
1 Causes 

t* ^'''^^T\ I Dependent on what. 

S, Periodical. \ ^^^^,^^^,^ defined. 

^. lemporary. J How effected by reservoirs. 

22. Classification in respect to nature. 

^. Cold Springs. ) What temperature. 

/;. Thermal Springs, j Where found. 
3. Classification in respect to reservoirs. 

n. Calcareous Springs. 

b, Silicious Springs. 
^. Sulphurous Springs. 

d. Chalybeate Springs. 

e. Saline Springs. 
/. Ascidulous Springs. 
,g. Petroleum Spiings, 
k. Bituminous Springs. 

41, Artesian Wells — Define — Causes — where found. 



1. Where found. 

2. Properties. 

-I. Nature of reservoir. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 



89 



C In Iceland. 
5.Geysers— Theory of— Regions, j In New Zealand. [ing. 

(^ In Montana and Wyom- 
III. Rivers — Sources — Utility. 

1. Formation of River Systems. 

a. Direction of flow. b. Position of main stream, c. 
Examples of Mississippi system, d. River basin 
e. Water shed. /. Bifurcation, g. Canons, h. 
Deltas, i. Estuaries. / Velocity— causes. 

2. Amount of Water. 

a. Depends on what, b. Influence of forests. 

3. Erosion. 

a. In upper course, b. In middle course, c. In lower 
course. 

4. Transportation of earthy particles. 

5. Deposits — Examples of Mississippi, Ganges, and others. 

6. Cataracts — Cascades — Rapids — Examples of each. 

Continental. ] Definition. 
Oceanic. J Examples. 

r Principal rivers. 

Corrvparativel'gth 
j Wha! drained. 

Sources. 

Character of land 



Classification 



Classification 
^nto systems. 



{I 



Arctic system. 
Pacific system. 
Atlantic system. 
Indian system. 



drained. 



IV. Lakes. 

I, Geographical Distribution. 

a. North American system 

b. System of Northern Europe 

and Asia. 

c. System of Southern Europe 

and Asia. 

d. African systems. 

e. South American systems. 



Location, 
Extent. 
Altitude. 
Noted for what. 
Sources of what. 



f^O PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 

2. Classification. 

a. Neither outlet nor inlet. "I ^_y. 

b. Inlets but no outlets, j 



c. Outlets but no inlets. | pj.ggj^ 

d. Outlets and inlets. ) 



Occur where. 

Origin of salt 
lakes. 

Transparency 
and depths of 
lakes, [lakes. 

Advantages of 

Exam, of each. 



SECTION II. OCEANIC WATERS. 

N . Oceans. 

1 . Composition — Temperature — Color — Pressure. 

2. Marine Life. 

a. Animal Life. b. Vegetable Life. c. Examples of 
each. 

3. Bottom of the Sea. 

a. Nature of its surface, b. Why covered with water. 

4. Ocean Basins. 

a. Atlantic— Pacific— Indian— Arctic— Antarctic. 

b. Form and size. 

5. Articulation with coasts. 

a. Inland seas. b. Border seas. c. Gulfs and bays. 

6. Islands. • 

a. Indian. '\ 

b. Atlantic. )■ Number. Examples. 

c. Pacific. J 

7. Comparative depth of each and combined average depth. 

OCEANIC MOVEMENTS. 

VI . Waves — Causes. 

1. Description of wave movement. 

2. Advance— Swell— Si ze— Force— Velocity— Breakers. 

3. Depth agitated — Distance of crests. 

4. Earthquake waves — Noted ones mentioned. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 9! 

VII. Tides— Theory of. 

1 . Flood and ebb tides. 

2. Interval between two successive high tides. 

3. Hour of high and low tides on two successive days. 

4. Comparative influence of Sun and Moon. 

a. Difference between lunar and solar tides. 

5. Tides of lakes — Derivative tides. 

6. Tidal wave — Course — Causes — Produced where. 

a. Course if Globe were one vast ocean. 

b. Continents how modify course. 

c. Velocity and regularity of movement. 

d. Explanation of co-tidal lines. 

r Course in each. 
€. Tidal wave of Pacific, j Tidal wave in mid ocean. 
/. Tidal wave of Atlantic. ^ Progress in shallow water, 
g. Tidal wave of Indian. deep water. 

Course around British Isles 

7. Height of tides. 

^j • .- r 1 if Mid-ocean. 

a. Variation of level. \ r\ 

( On continents. 

b. Results of difTerence. \ ^.j?'. ," , 

( Whirlpools. 

VIII. Currents — Causes. 

1. Extent — Position relative to surface. 

2. Series of currents. 

a. Cold and warm currents — where found. 
d. Direction of equatorial and polar currents. 

c. Causes of deflection. 

3. Ocean divisions, 

a. Currents of the Pacific. 

b. Currents of the Atlantic. 

c. Currents of the Indian. 

d. Currents of the Polar. 

Describe each in respect to course, breadth, veloci- 
ty, utility, and climatic effect. 



92 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 

C Constant. ') ^ 
4. Classification. - Periodical. Clauses. 

[Temporary. jE^^^^^P^^^- 



PART IV. 

THE ATMOSPHERE. 



I. The Air. 

I. Composition — Elasticity. 



Amount. ^ ^ 

{ rorm. 

1 How ascertained. j Density. 



2. Pressure. \ Weight — Elevation. 



3. Temperature. 

a. Temperature of lands compared with oceans. 
3. Temperature of air — depends on what. 

c. Mean temperature. 

d. Isothermal lines. 

1. Difference between them and geographical. 

2. Locate them. 
II. The Winds. 

1. Origin of winds. 

a. Conditions of equilibrium of air. 

b. Disturbances of equilibrium of air. 

2. Atmospheric circulation. 

a. Ascending currents. 

b. Polar currents. 

c. Equatorial currents. 

3. Direction of general currents. 

a. Equatorial — Polar — Ascending. 

b. Effect of earth's rotation. 

c. Minor causes modifying direction. 

4. Wind Zones — Number — Names and Position. 

5. Zone of trades and calms. 

a. Trade winds. 

I. Occur where regularly. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 93 

2. Place of beginning on oceans. 

3. Velocity of trades of Indian ocean. 
bo Equatorial calms. 

I. Course of calm belt. 2. Breadth of calm belt. 
3. Causes of distuibances. 4. Relation to 
trades. 

c. Calms of the tropics, 

I. Breadth of belts. 2. Relation to trades. 

d. Trades and calms, change of position. 

I. Caused how. 2. When farther north. 3. 
When farther south. 4. Position in regard to 
equator. 

e. Land winds in general. 

1. Character of trades on land. 

2. Winds of the Sahara and Amazon plains. 

6, Zone of variable winds. 

a. Prevailing currents — character. 

b. Starting point of polar winds. 

1. Direction in North America, Europe, and Asia. 

2. Approach to equator. 

3. Effects of sun's advance northward. 

4. Path of the trade currents to, and return. 

7, Periodical winds — meaning. 

a. Land and sea breezes — explanation in full. 

b. Monsoons — Definition — Cause — Direction. 

c. Regions. 

I. Iqdian Ocean. 2. Gulf of Guinea. 3. Mex- 
ico and Caribbean Sea. 

d. Local periodical. 

I. Desert winds. 2. Etesian winds. 3. Simoon 
winds. 4. Khamsin winds. 5. Sirocco. 



94 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 



III. 



IV. 



6. Whirlwind. 



8. Storm winds 



f Water spouts. 
J Cyclones. 
< Hurricanes, 



Mountain winds. 

Causes. 

Extent and period. 
Aspects. 
Progress. 
Force. 
Direction. 
Effect. 

Mention some taken 
place. 

Navigation Routes — Describe in General. 
I. From Europe to America. 
United States to Europe. 
New York to wSan Francisco. 



sub-divided, j Typhoons. 
(^ Tornadoes. 



2. 



3- 



United States to 
Europe to 



^apor- 



r China. 
I India. 
(^ Australia. 
Humidity of Atmosphere. 

1. Evaporation. 

a. Process — Capacity for absorbing 

b. Change from dry to moist air. 

2. Dew point. 

a. Explain process of collection. 

b. Where most abundant — modifying causes. 

3. Hoar frosts — explain. 

4. Mists and fogs — prevail where. 

Cirrus and Cirro-Cumulus. 
Cumulus. 
Stratus. 
Nimbus. 
b. Height. 



Saturation, 



Form of clouds. 



a. Definition. 
Condensation. 
a. Causes. 

1. Condensation due to what. 

2. Effect of passage of warm currents to cold le- 

srions. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 95 

3. Effect of passage of cold winds to warm re- 
gions. 

4. Condensation by ascending currents. 
b. Influence of relief and surface. 

1. Influence of forests. 

2. Influence of deserts. 

3. Condensation by mountain chains. 

4. Condensation on plateaus. 
Distribution of rain. 

a. Annual average of rainfall. 

b. Variation from coast to interior. 

c. Amount in Old and New Worlds. 

d. Amount in temperate regions. 

e. Amount in tropical regions. 
/. Rainfall of the zone of calms. 

g. Rainfall of the zone of trades. 

h. Rainfall of the sub-tropical zones. 

/. Rainfall of zone of variable winds. 

y. Greater in northern or southern worlds. 

k. Greater on mountains or plains. 

Sahara. 

Arabian and Persian deserts. 

Mongolia. 

West of Andes. 

Vicinity of Rocky mountains. 

9. Hail — Define — Theory of structure. 

r Tropics. r Altitude of 

10. Snow — Define — where found. X Temperate-! snow line. 

(^ regions. (^ 

11. Glaciers — Definition. 

a. Nature and appearance. 

b. Formation. 

c. Motion — Erosion. 

d. Transporting power. 



8. Rainless districts. 



g6 PHYSICAL geography. 

r Most noted region. 
f. Geographical distribution. < Most extensive glaciers. 

i Icebergs. 
12. Avalanches — Define — Tell all you can about* them. 
V. Cliniaie. 

1. Astronomical climate — Depends on what. 

a. Distribution of heat on the globe. 

1. General law. 

2. Cause of unequal distribution. 

b. Influence of earth's motions. 

I. Motions of the earth. 

\ Comparative length 
I of day and night. 
. Position of vertical sun. \ 

I Comparative heat in 
[ the hemispheres. 

Vernal equinox. Summer solstice. Autum- 
nal equinox. 

3. Variations of temperature. 

Variation in length by day. 
Variation in heating power of sun. 
Effect of long days and short nights. 
Effect of short days and long nights. 

r In high latitudes. 

i In middle latitudes. 

4. Seasons. \ In tropical latitudes. 

Time of highest and lowest temper- 
ature. 

2. Physical Climate — Depends on what. 

a. Latitude. 

b. Diversities in surface of land. 

1. Elevation above the sea. 

2. Relation of mountains and plains to prevailing 

winds. 

3. Slope of land. 

c. Vicinity to sea. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. ^>j 

» TVT 4. r -1 f Barren land. 
a. Nature of soil. < t,^ , ■, . 

[ Marshes and forests. 

e* Influence of marine currents. 

/. Amount of rain. 

VI. Electrical and Optical Phenomena* 

1. Electricity — Origin. 

r Free, 

2. Atmospheric electricity, -j Positive. 

(^ Negative. 

3. Lightning and thunder — Cause and effect — Explanation. 

4. St. Elmo's Fire. 

5. The Auroia Borealis. 

6. Optical Phenomena. 

7. Rainbow. 

8. Color of sky at sunset. 

9. Blue color of sky. 

10. Corona. 

11. Halo. 

12. Parhelia and Paraselene. 

13. Mirage of desert. | f ^^^ Morgana. 
^ ^ y Ignis Fatuus. 

14. Magnetism. 

a. Magnet, {^--t,. 

1. Magnetic attraction and repulsion. 

2. Declination of needle. 

3. Cause of needle pointing to the north. 

4. Origin of earth's magnetism. 

5. Declination or dip of needle. 

6. Cause of the dip. 

15. Meteorites and shooting stars. 

16. Effect on sunlight if there were no atmosphere. 



98 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 



PART V. ORGANIC LIFE. 
SECTION I. 
PLANT LIFE. ! 

I< Plants — Supply what. 

K. Position occupied in the scale of existence. 

2. Number of species — collectively called what. 

3. Conditions requisite for plant growth. 

a. Light — heat — moisture — nature of soil — slope. 

4. Distribution of vegetation. 

a. According to latitude, or horizontal distribution, 

b. According to elevation, or vertical distribution. 

c. Describe plants, in general, as they recede toward 

the poles. 

5. Structure of plants — Describe in full. 

6. Stages of development — Describe in full. 

7. Processes of vegetable life. 

f Absorption. ^ ^^^^^.^^ ;^ f^„_ 

b. C.rculauon. I m^^j^^te by examples. 
€. Exhalation. | ^ .•'.^i / , 



Compare with animals. 



d. Respiration. J 

8. Functions of different parts. 

a. Roots — stems — branches — leaves. 

9. Classification of plants. 

a. Cryptogamia — flowerless plants — examples. 

b, Phenogamia — flowering plants — examples. 
io. Second classification. 

a. Deciduous, b. Evergreen. 
II. Different forms given and described. 

1. Simplest ferns, lichens, algae, and mosses. 

2. Form of ferns. 

3. Form of palms. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 99 

4. Form of trees with pointed leaves. 

5. Form of myrtles. 

6. Form of heaths. 

7. Form of laurels. 

8. Form of mangrove-trees. 

9. Form of willows. 

10. Form of foliage-trees, 

11. Form of mimosas. 
r2. Form of mallows. 

13. Form of grasses. 

14. Form of lilies. 

15. Form of bananas. 

16. Form of bromelias. 

1 7. Form of agaves and aloes. 

18. Form of cactus-plants, 

19. Form of orchids, 

20. Form of zamias. 

21. Form of arum-plants. 
Horizontal zones of vegetation — Number, 

a. Condition in regard to heat — light — moisture — soil. 

b. Character of plants — trees — principal ones. 

c. Tropical zone — between isotherms of 73^. 

I. Palms — bananas — spices — aromatic plants. 

d. Sub-tropical zones — from isotherms of 73° to (i'?^'^ , 

I. Laurels and myrtles. 

e. Warm temperate zones — from isotherms of d^i"^ to 

55°. 

I. Evergreens. 

f. Cold temperate zones — from isotherms of 55 "^ to 

I. Deciduous. 

g. Sub-arctic zones — from isotherms of 41^ to 36.5°^ 

I. Cone-bearing trees. 
h. Polar zones — from isotherms of 36.5^ to poles. 



1 6. Diffusion of plants. 



00 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 

I. Lichens — mosses — alpine shrubs — saxifrages. 

13. Vertical distribution of plants. 

a. Between sea-level and 5,000 ft. ] Conditions ob- 

b. Between 5,000 ft. and 10,000 ft. I served as in 

c. Between 1 0,000 ft. and 15,000ft. [ horizontal dis- 

d. Between 15,000 ft. and 20,000ft. J tribution. 

r Forests. ( Occur where. 

14. Land Regions, l Steppes, -j Depend on what. 

(Deserts. (Character. 

15. Marine distribution — character. 

By winds. 
By rivers. 

By marine currents. 
By birds. 
By beasts. 
By man. 

17. Plants yielding food. 

a. Tropical climes. 

Rice — Durra — Plantain — Bananas — the Yam — 
Date-palm — Cocoa-palms — Sago-palms — Bread 
Fruit Tree — Mandioc. 

b. Temperate climes. 

Wheat — Rye — Barley — Oats — Indian Corn — Pota- 
toes — Buckwheat. 

c. Polar climes — Food of inhabitants. 

(In the following, tell 1st, Native of what country ; 2d, Cultivated where; 
3d, Amounts annually produced ; 4!h, Anything else you can.) 

18. Plants producing sugar. 

a. Sugar cane — Sugar maple — Date palm — Beets. 
. 19. Plants producing beverages. 

a. Tea — Coffee — Cocoa. ' 

20. Plants producing spices. 

a. Vanilla — Pepper — Cinnamon — Nutmegs — Cloves. 

21. Plants producing medicine. 

a. Peruvian bark — Opium — Rhubarb — Aloes. 

22. Plants producing narcotics. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. IqI 

a. Tobacco— Opium— Hemp— Betel-nut— Coca. 

23. Plants producing clothing. 
a. Cotton — Flax — Hemp. 

24. Plants producing dyes. 

a. Indigo— Woad—Madder— Brazil-wood— Nicaragua- 
wood — Orchilla —Weld —Quercitron —Fustic — 
Logwood. 

25. Plants producing Oils— Resins— Gums. 

a. Olive— Palm— Cocoanut —Linseed —Hemp— Cot- 
ton —Turpentine— Fi r-resin— Copal-Gum-Arabic 
— India-rubber. 



SECTION II. 

ANIMAL LIFE. 

I. Animals. 

1. Position in scale of existence. 

2. Comparison with plants. 

3. Fauna and habitat. 

4. Effect of heat, moisture, food, light, upon different re- 

gions. 

5. Diffusion of animals. 

a. Locomotion —wind —marine currents— agency of 
man. 

6. Classification of animal. 

a. Radiates, b, Mollusks. c. Articulates, d. Verte- 
brates. 

(In the following, give description of each division and sub- division— their 
habitat — habits.) 

7. Vertebrates. 

a. Mammalia 

I. Quadrumana. 2. Carnivora: Cheiroptera— 
Insectivora. 3. Marsupialia. 4. Rhodentata. 
5. Edentata. 6. Pachydermata. 7. Rumi- 
nantia. 8. Marine mammalia: Amphibia— 
Cetacea. 



102 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 

b. Birds. 

I. Rapaces. 2. Scansores. 3. Oscines. 4. Gal- 
linacea. 5. Gallatores. 6. Natatores. 
Give description of each sub-division, migra- 
tory habits. Examples. 
C, Reptiles — Differ from batrachians. 

I. Saurians. 2. Chelonians. 3, Ophidians. 

II. Ethnography. 

1. Origin of the human race. 

2. Diversities of the human race. 

I. Physical qualities. 2. Language. 3. Earliest 
myths and legends. 4. Historical records. 

3. Races of men— Define each and give characteristics. 

a. Caucasian. 

1. Hamitic. 

2. Semitic. 

3. Aryans. 

{a.) Celts. 

Irish. Welch. Highland Scotts. Bre- 
tons in France. 
(^.) Ancient Greeks. 
(^.) Ancient Romans. 

Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, French, 
(Mixed with German.) 
^.) Germans. 

German, English, Dutch, Flemings, 
Danes, Swedes, Norwegians. 
(^,) Slavonians. 

Russians, Poles, Czechs, Croats. 
(/.) Iranians. 

Persians, Belooches, Afghans. 
(^.) Brahmanic Indians — Hindoos. 

b, Mongolian. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. IO3 

I. Arctic and Turanian groups. 
r. Ethiopian. 

I. Negro — Northern and Southern groups. 

d. Malay. 

I. Malay proper. Polynesian and Negrilo groups. 

e. American. 

I. Give five general divisions of tribes. 

1. Give population of globe, also of the grand disvisions com- 

posing it j number of each race. 

2. Give history of prominent geographers who have been au- 

thors of works on this subject. 

3. Give a general history of civilization from the nomadk races 

to the present time. 



104 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



ENGLISH G_RAMMAR. 

OUTLINE OF THE NOUN, 

Proper Noun, 

a. Person, b. Place, c. People, d. Thing. 
Common Noun. 

a. Clas^. b. Collective, c. Abstract, d. Verbal. 
Properties of the Noun. 
, 1. Person — First — Second — Third. 

a. Definition — Examples in sentences. 

2. Number — Singular — Plural. 

a. Definition, b. Plural formation — regular and irreg- 
ular — Examples in sentences. 

3. Gender — Masculine — Feminine. 

a. Definition — Examples in sentences. 

4. Case — Nominative — Possessive — Objective. 

a. Definition, b. Formation — Singular and Plura) 
Examples in sentences. 





OUTLINE OF THE PRONOUN 


V 


•sona/ Pronoun — Simple — Compound. 


I. 


Name them. 


2. 


Definition. 


3- 


Antecedent. 


4. 


How declined. 


5- 


How parsed. 


6. 


Examples in sentences. 


7- 


Use of mine and t/iine. Examples. 


8. 


Use of t/iou, thy, thee, thyself, and yt 


9. 


Use of you in singular. Examples. 



Examples. 



ENGLISH CxRAMMAR. jqc 

TO. Use of 7£/^ for y. Examples. 

11. (3ccasional use of //. Examples. 

12. Use of k^, his, and/^/w in third person, singularnumber, 

and either gender. Examples. 

13. Use of pronouns of different persons in the same sen- 

tence. Examples. 
Relative /'r^//^^^;/^— Simple— Compound. 
I. Definition. 2. Names. 3. How declined. 4. How 
parsed. 5. Examples in sentences. 
Interrogative Pronoun. 
I. Definition. 2. Subsequent. 3. How parsed. 4. Ex- 
amples in sentences. 
Adjective Pronoun. 
I. When used as a pronoun and when as an adjective. (See 
Pronominal Adjective.) 



OUTLINE OF THE ADJECTIVE. 

1. l-escriptive. 

I. Common— Comparison. 2. Proper. 3. Particiipial. 

2. Definitive. 

1. Article. 

a. Definite, b. Indefinite. 

2. Pronominal. 

a. Definite, b. Indefinite, c. Distributive. 

3. Numeral. 

a. Cardinal, b. Ordinal, c. Multiplicative. 
(Define, and give examples in sentences.) 



OUTLINE OF THE VERB. 

I . Classification of the Verb, 
I. As to Use. 

a. Transitive, b. Intransitive. c. Copulative. d. 
Auxiliary, e. Participle— Present— Past— Compound. 



Io6 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

2. As to Action. 

a. Active, b. Passive, c. Neuter. 

3. As to Form. 

a. Regular, b. Irregular. 
(Definition — Formation — Examples in sentences — Participle 
used as a noun — as an adjective — Examples.) 

2. Properties of the Verb, 

1. Voice — Active — Passive. 

a. Use. b. Passive formation, c. Examples in sen- 
tences. 

2. Mode — Indicative — Subjunctive — Potential — Imperative 

— Infinitive. 

a. Use. b. Formation, c. Examples in sentences. 

3. Tense — Past Perfect — Past — Present Perfect — Present — 

Future Perfect — Future. 

a. Use. b. Formation, c. Synopsis of verbs in each 
mode. 

4. Person — First — Second — f i. How governed. 

Third. \ 2. Examples in sentences. 

5. Nymber — Singular — Plural. (3. Conjugation of Verbs. 

3. Forms of Inflection. 

Regular — Emphatic — Progressive — Interrogative — Negative 
— Passive. 
I. Use. 2. Formation. 3. Conjugate iove in each 

form, 4. Conjugate other verbs in each form. 

5. Notice what tenses are not inflected in all the 

forms. 



OUTLINE OF THE ADVERB. 



1. Definition. 

2. Comparison. 

-5 . Classification, 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. IQ7 



I. 


Adverbs of Time. 1 




2. 


Adverbs of Place. 


I. Use. 


V 


Adverbs of Cause. 


2. How parsed. 


4- 


Adverbs of Manner. 
Adverbs of Degree. 


3. Examples in sentences 


6. 


Adverbs of Connection, j 





OUTLINE OF THE PREPOSITION. 

1. Definition, 

2. List of Prepositions. 

3. Examples in sentences. 



OUTLINE OF THE CONJUNCTION. 

1. Definition. 

2. Classification. 

1. Copulative. ( i. Use. 

2. Disjunctive. \ 2. How parsed. 

3. Correlative. ( 3. Examples in sentences. 



OUTLINE OF THE INTERJECTION. 

1. Definition. 

2. How parsed. 

3. List of principal interjections. 

4. Examples in sentences. 



OUTLINE OF THE SENTENCE. 

1. Phrase, 

I. Definition. 2. Kinds. 3. Examples. 

2. Propositions. 

I. Principal. 2. Subordinate. 3. Coordinate. 
(Definition and examples.) 

3. Members. 

(Definition and examples.) 



I08 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

4. Connectives, 

I. Coordinate. 2. Subordinate. 
(Use — What part of speech — Examples.) 

5. Sentence. 

I. Simple. 2. Complex. 3. Compound. 

a. Declarative, b. Interrogative, c. Imperative, d. 
Exclamatory, 
(Define and give examples.) 

6. Elements of the Sentence. 



f ( Simple. 

! Subject. I 

1. Principal. ^ ^ Complex, 

Predicate. | 
L t Compound 

2. Subordinate. 

a. Adjective, b. Adverbial, c. Objective 



1. Definition. 

2. May be what. 

3. Position in 
the sentence. 

4. Examples. 



( Simple 
I. Kind. } 



-^ Complex. 
( Compound, 
r First. 
2. Class. I Second. 
( Third. 
(Give definition and examples.) 
3. Independent. 

(Definition and examples.) 



ORDER OF ANALYZING A SENTENCE. 

Tell whether declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclam- 
atory. 

If compound, tell how many members it contains and analyze 
each member, beginning with the first. 

If complex, tell how many propositions it contains, and name 
the principal proposition and the subordinate proposition. 
Analze each proposition (the principal first) in the same 
order as simple sentences are analyzed. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. IO9 

If si?nple, • 

1. Name the simple subject. 

2. Name the simple predicate. 

3. Name each modifier of the simple subject, tell whether 

simple, complex, or compound, and of what class. 
Also, analyze the modifiers when complex or when of 
the third class. 

4. Analyze the complete predicate in the same manner as 

the complete subject was analyzed. 



MODEL FOR ANALYZING SENTENCES. 
"On that same night the Banshee howled 

To fright the evil dame, 
And fairy folks, who loved Kathleen, 
With funeral torches came." — Whittier. 
Analysis. — This is a compound declara tive sentence consist 
ing of two members. 
The first member — 

"On that same night the Banshee howled 
To fright the evil dame," 

is a simple sentence \ and the second member— 
''And fairy folks, who loved Kathleen, 
With funeral torches came," 

is a complex sentence consisting of two propositions, of which the 
principal proposition is ''And fairy folks with funeral torches 
came;" and the subordinate pr oposition is "who loved Kath- 
leen." 

Of the first member ''Banshee" is the simple subject and 
"howled" the simple predicate. 

The simple subject is modified by "the," a simple adjective 
element of the first class. 

The simple predicate is modified by "On that same night," a 
complex adverbial element of the second class, of which "On" is 
the leader and "night" the subsequent. The subsequent is 



no ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

modified by "that" and ^^same," simple adjective elements of 
the first class. The simple predicate is further modified by "to 
fright the evil dame," a complex adverbial element of the sec- 
ond class, of which "to fright" is the basis, modified by "the 
evil dame," a complex objective element of the first class, of 
which "dame" is the basis, modified by "the" and "evil," sim- 
ple adjective elements of the first class. 

Of the second member "folks" is the simple subject of the 
principal proposition and "came" is the simple predicate. 

The simple subject is modified by "fairy," a simple adjective 
element of the first class ; also by the subordinate proposition, 
"who loved Kathleen," a complex adjective element of the 
third class, of which "who" is the simple subject, and "lov- 
ed" the simple predicate. The simple subject of the subordinate 
proposition is unmodified. The simple predicate is modified by 
"Kathleen," a simple objective element of the first class. 

The simple priedicate ("came") of the second member is mod- 
ified by "with funeral torches," a complex adverbial element of 
the second class, of which "with" is the leader and torches the 
subsequent. The subsequent is modified by "funeral," a simple 
adjective element of the first class. 

"And" is a coordinate connective. 



ORDER OF PARSING THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 

1. Noun — Why? 

I. Kind— Why? 2. Gender— Why? 3. Person— Why? 
4. Number — Why? 5. Case and Government — Why? 
6. Rule. 

2. Pronoun — Why? 

I. Kind — Why? 2. Antecedent or Subsequent. 3. Rule 
of agreement. 4. Gender — Why? 5. Person — Why? 
6. Number — Why? 7. Case and Government — Why? 
8. Rule. 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Ill 

3. Verb—^\vyl 

I. Principal Parts. 2. Form — Why ? 3. Use — Transi- 
tive, Intransitive, or Copulative — Why? 4. Voice — 
Why? 5. Mood— Why? 6. Tense— Why? 7. Per- 
son — Why? 8. Number — Why? 9. Agreement. 10. 
Rule. 

4. Adjective — Why? 

I. Kind — Why? 2. Comparison. 3. Office — Describes or 
limits. 4. Rule. 

5. Adverb — Why? 

I. Comparison. 2. Modifies. 3. Rule. 

6. Preposition — Why? 

I. Office — Shows relation between. 2. Rule. 

7. Conjunction — Why ? 

I. Kind, 2. Office — Connects. 3. Rule. 

8. Interjection — Why? 

I. Rule. 

9. Participle (Given as a part of the verb) — Why ? 

I. Derivation (Give principal parts of the verb from which 
derived.) 2. Kind. 3. Form (Active or passive.) 4. 
Belongs to what. 5. Rule. 



112 



OUTLINE FOR PENMANSHIP. 



OUTLINE FOR 

PENMANSHIP 



For Opening. 

I. Attention. 
Pass books. 
Position. 
Open books. 
Open inkstands. 
Take pens. 

(Drill in movements and in 
tracing the copy without ink. 

7. Take ink. 

8. Write. 



SIGNALS, 

For Closing. 

I. Attention. 
2 

3 
4 

5' 



6. 



Use blotters. 
Close books. 
Pass books. 
Wipe and put 

pens. 
Close inkstands. 



away 



POSITION. 



Of the body. 
Of the feet. 
Of the arms. 
Of the hands. 
Of the wrists. 
Of the fingers. 
Of the pen. 



Describe the different positions that 
are allowable and insist upon some 
uniform position for the entire class. 



MOVEMENTS. 



Finger movement. 
Fore-arm movevment. 
Combined movement. 
Whole arm movement. 



1. Definition, 

2. When used. 



OUTLINE FOR PENMANSHIP. 



"3 



FOKM. 



Main slant ( '* ^^ "^^'^^ ^"^^^^ 

Main Slant. ^ ^^ ^y^^^ ^^^^^ 

Connective slant. ; ,,r, ,, , 

(^ 3. Why so called. 

r I. Definitions. 

Strokes. ■{ 

2. How combined. 



Angularly, 
By short turns. 
By oval turns. 
By loops. 



(Give examples.) 

Define as appjied to penmanship. 



4. Space. A 



( Its use in writing. < 



C For measuring height of let- 
•[ ter. [ten 

(_ For measuring width of let- 



f 



Principles. 



I. 


Straight line. 


^ 






2. 


Right curve. 




I. 


How made 


3- 


Left curve. 




2 


Slant. 


4- 


Extended 1 op. 


^3. 


When used. 


5- 


Direct oval. 


4 


Examples. 


6. 


Reversed oval. 






7- 


Capital stem. 


^ 







Letters, 



r Short. 
Small.-. Semi -extended. 
(^Looped. 
( Direct oval. 
Capital. \ Reversed oval, 
( Capital stem. 



T. Height. 2. Names. 3. 
Exceptional cases. 4. Ex- 
amples. 5. Measure. 6. 
Analysis. 7. Formation. 



MODEL FOR MEASURING, ANALYZING, AND FORMING BETTERS. 
(Illustrated by the letter ^F.) 

Measuring— Yi€\g'ril one space ; whole width, three spaces ; 
distance between straight lines, one space ; distance from straight 
line to dot, one-half space ; length of horizontal curve, one- 
half space. 

Analysis — Principles 2, i, 2, i, 2, horizontal 2. 



114 OUTLINE FOR PENMANSHIP. 

Formation — Begin on base line and ascend with a right curve, 
on connective slant one space; unite angularly and descend 
with a straight line on main slant to base ; by short turn ascend 
with a right curve on connective slant one space; unite angu- 
larly and descend with a straight line on main slant to base; by 
short turn ascend one space with a right curve on a slant mid- 
way between connective and main slants; make a light dot and 
finish with a horizontal right curve carried one half space to the 
right. 



